Stress and depression

Pittenger C, Duman RS. Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity a convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008 33 88-109. 

Efficacy beliefs help determine how much effort people will expend on an activity, how long they will persevere when confronting obstacles, and how resilient they will prove in the face of adverse situations— the higher the sense of efficacy, the greater the effort, persistence, and resilience. Efficacy beliefs also influence individuals thought patterns and emotional reactions. People with low self-efficacy may believe that things are tougher than they really are, a belief that fosters stress, depression, and a narrow vision of how best to... 

A linear relationship between stress depression and the change in surface tension is predicted by this model. Figures 6a, 6b and 7 indicate that the stress depression-surface tension relationship can be reasonably approximated as linear for surface tension values below Yc l o e that the surface tensions shown on the abscissa are liquid, rather than interfacial surface tensions. Nevertheless,... 

Equation 1 correctly predicts a linear relationship between stress depression and liquid surface tension, at least for surface tension values below the critical wetting point. 

MSDs are the work-related health problem with the highest impact on sickness absenteeism in Europe 39% of total sickness absence of 2 or more weeks is due to work-related MSD symptoms (in comparison, 19% of total sickness absence is due to stress, depression and anxiety). MSDs are also the work-related health problem with the highest impact on permanent incapacity 61% of permanent incapacity is due to MSDs (compared to 10% due to stress, depression and anxiety and 10% due to cardiovascular disorders). 

Fascinating stories develop between the desperate entrepreneurs and the reluctant investors. Each venture is unique in its detail, but similar in its development. Between the exuberance of the plans of the project and the ecstasy of the financial rewards of the enterprise lies a rollercoaster ride of stress, depression and despair, intermittent with brief periods of hope and anticipation. Unfortunately, most ventures don t have the resources to hire a full-time psychiatrist to professionally assist those with the venture syndromes in this transitional period. 

Antidepressant Drugs. Figure 1 Effects of stress as a model for depression and the reversal by the use of antidepressants. Multiple intracellular targets might be involved in the regulation of plasticity and resilience by antidepressants, which block extracellular transporters. Adapted from [1],... 

Indeed, 5-HT is also a substrate for the 5-HT transporter, itself an important player in the treatment of depression, and more recently for the whole range of anxiety disorders spectrum (GAD, OCD, social and other phobias, panic and post-traumatic stress disorders). It is the target for SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and citalopram or the more recent dual reuptake inhibitors (for 5-HT and noradrenaline, also known as SNRIs) such as venlafaxine. Currently, there are efforts to develop triple uptake inhibitors (5-HT, NE, and DA). Further combinations are possible, e.g. SB-649915, a combined 5-HTia, 5-HT1b, 5-HT1d inhibitor/selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is investigated for the treatment of major depressive disorder. 

As flow velocities increase, chelant attack becomes substantially worse, with the flow pattern being reflected in the form of U-shaped depressions and long tails (comet tails). Thinning continues until boiler failure occurs through a rupture of the thinned metal surface. In areas of high stress and/or high turbulence, attack is greatly enhanced and may be very localized. 

Graeff, FG, Guimaraes, FS, De Andrade, TGC and Deakin, JFW (1996) Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety and depression. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54 129-141. 

Ritchie, JC and Nemeroff, CB (1991) Stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression. In Stress, Neuropeptides and Systemic Disease (Eds McCubbin, JA, Kaufmann, PG and Nemeroff, CB), Academic Press, London, pp. 181-197. 

It is clear in Fig. 1.10 that the distribution of Kuroko deposits is restricted in a narrow zone in the Green tuff region which was called a Kuroko belt by Inoue (1969). This belt was formed by rapid subsidence under the extensional stress regime and is thought to have been a back-arc depression zone at middle Miocene age. The relationship between tectonic setting and formation of Kuroko deposits is discussed in section 1.5. 

Data from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, 2000 429-484 and Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, etai Consensus statement update on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Croup on Depression and Anxiety. J (Tin Psychiatry 2004 65(Suppi l) 55-62. 

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