Strength process-dependent

Aerobic treatment is generally appHed to lower strength wastewaters, whereas anaerobic treatment is employed as a pretreatment for high strength wastewaters. The choice of process depends both on the concentration of organics and the volume of wastewater to be treated. 

Energy differences between conformations of substituted cyclohexanes can be measured by several physical methods, as can the kinetics of the ring inversion processes. NMR spectroscopy has been especially valuable for both thermodynamic and kinetic studies. In NMR terminology, the transformation of an equatorial substituent to axial and vice versa is called a site exchange process. Depending on the rate of the process, the difference between the chemical shifts of the nucleus at the two sites, and the field strength... 

The process depends on broth conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength), medium components and final state of the desired product. 

The term p, V2u> reveals that vorticity (i.e., the strength of fluid rotation) can diffuse by molecular interactions throughout a flow field, with the viscosity being the diffusion coefficient. Quite often the source of vorticity is the fluid tumbling caused by the shearing action associated with a no-slip condition on a solid wall. This vorticity, once produced, is both convected and diffused throughout the flow. The relative strength of the convective and diffusive processes depends on the flow field and the viscosity. 

Systems. As already observed for methane (vide supra), with decreasing acidity it becomes more and more difficult to protonate reversibly C—H bonds. Nevertheless, when alkanes with more than two carbon atoms are used as starting material, carbenium ions are generated by competitive protolytic and oxidative processes. Depending on the strength of the superacid system, proton exchange can take place by two competitive reactions (i) directly via reversible protonation and (ii) via deprotonation of the carbenium ion and reprotonation of the alkene. 

In the expanded-bed mode, the starting protein solution is pumped through a bed of adsorbent beads that are constrained by a flow adapter. As a result of the upward flow and the properties of the beads, the bed expands as spaces open up between the beads. If the physical properties of the beads are significantly different from those of the particles in the feed stock, the particles can pass through the bed without being trapped. An effective process depends on parameters such as viscosity, ionic strength, solid content, and pH of the feed stock as well as the linear flow rate. 

---