Stratum corneum, imaging

Hanson KM, Behne MJ, Barry NP, Mauro TM, Gratton E, Clegg RM (2002) Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of the skin stratum corneum pH gradient. BiophysJ 83 1682-1690. 

STM image of glycogen 174 Stoichiometric dissociation constant 305 Stokes-Einstein equation 461 Stokes radius 109 Stomach ulcer 187 Stomata 30 Stop codons 236 Stopped flow technique 468 Stratum corneum 439 Strecker degradation 121 Strength of binding. See also Formation constants, Dissociation constants, Gibbs in metal complexes 307 Streptavidin 728 Stromelysins 627 Strontium 19... 

To distinguish the SC from the underlying epidermis and hence to define the site within the skin to which the a-TAc had permeated, a confocal Raman image was acquired from an untreated section taken from the same piece of skin whose spatial distribution of factor scores is depicted in Fig. 15.3c. A comparison of Fig. 15.3c (factors 1 (SC) and 4 (epidermis)) with the map of a-TAc permeation (Fig. 15.8) clearly reveals that a-TAc remains localized mostly in the stratum corneum, with little reaching the viable epidermis. The... 

There is substantial history regarding the application of conventional vibrational spectroscopy methods to study the intact surface of skin, the extracted stratum corneum and the ceramide-cholesterol-fatty acid mixtures that constitute the primary lipid components of the barrier. The complexity of the barrier and the multiple phases formed by the interactions of the barrier components have begun to reveal the role of each of these substances in barrier structure and stability. The use of bulk phase IR to monitor lipid phase behavior and protein secondary structures in the epidermis, as well as in stratum corneum models, is also well established 24-28 In addition, in vivo and ex vivo attenuated total reflectance (ATR) techniques have examined the outer layers of skin to probe hydration levels, drug delivery and percutaneous absorption at a macroscopic level.29-32 Both mid-IR and near-IR spectroscopy have been used to differentiate pathological skin samples.33,34 The above studies, and many others too numerous to mention, lend confidence to the fact that the extension to IR imaging will produce useful results. 

Permeation ofDMSO. To illustrate the power of IR imaging for studies of penetration enhancers through skin, the spatial distribution of a sample of DMSO-d6 that had been topically applied is depicted in Fig. 11.6. For these studies, solutions ofDMSO at 15 il cm-2 were applied to the stratum corneum surface of porcine skin and left for 3 h, after which the skin surface was wiped clean to... 

Figure 6. Imaging of a mouse ear left) HE histology of a mouse ear, the image size is (0.93x0.7) mm2 right) Longitudinal image of a mouse ear. Image size (1.2x0.5) mm2. E epidermis, sc stratum corneum, D dermis, cc conjunctive capsule, C cartilage.

Behne, MJ. etal., NHE1 regulates the stratum corneum permeability barrier homeostasis. Microenvironment acidification assessed with fluorescence lifetime imaging, J. Biol. Chem., 211, 47399, 2002. 

Scott, E. R., White, H. S. and Phipps, J. B. (1992), Direct imaging of ionic pathways in stratum-corneum using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Solid State Ionics, 53-6 176-183. 

Figure 6 TPE images of skin treated with PEG-8-L L-595 CS (70 30 5) elastic liquid-state vesicles, (a) Threadlike channels are formed in the entire stratum corneum. However, these channels were absent in the stratum granulosum or stratum spinosum (not shown). Treatment with rigid vesicles resulted in a homogenous staining of the intercellular regions (b).

Figure 4. Immunofluorescence microscopy of a cross-section of human skin exposed to saturated sulfur mustard vapor (1 min at 27 °C Ct 1040 mg.min.nr3 A) and of unexposed skin (B), using monoclonal antibody 1H10, directed against sulfur mustard adducts to human keratin, in a 1/50 dilution. The photographs are composed from an image obtained for FITC fluorescence (mainly emanating from the stratum corneum green) and from an image obtained for propidium iodide fluorescence representing DNA (red) in the same cross-section. (Reprinted with permission from G. R van der Schans et al., Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15, 21-25, 2002. Copyright (2002) American Chemical Society).

Tanji, N., Okamoto, M., Katayama, Y, Hosokawa, M., Takahata, N., Sano, Y. (2008) Investigation of the cosmetic ingredient distribution in the stratum corneum using NanoSIMS imaging. Appl Surf Set, 255,1116. 

Boncheva, M., Tay, F.H., and Kazarian, S.G. (2008) Application of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared imaging and tape-stripping to investigate the three-dimensional distribution of exogenous chemicals and the molecular organization in Stratum corneum. J. Biomed. Opt., 13 (6), 064009. 

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