Straight method

Biomechanical behavior of spine can be achieved through experimental study such as in vitro and vivo study or numerical methods such as finite element analyses [1,2], Although experimental studies are the most straight method for biomechanical behavior, they have some limitations which restricted their applications [3]. In vitro studies performed in the laboratory restricted by specimen availability, differences between specimens and range of samples [4], In vivo studies provide data from natural situation. However, preparing human specimens is difficult also in animals case studies anatomical differences caused... 

At the end of the project life a residual unrecovered asset value will remain. This is usually accepted in full as a capital allowance in the final year of the project. Hence the total asset value is fully recovered over the life of the field, but at a slower rate than in the straight line method. 

Figure B2.3.8. Energy-level sehemes deseribing various optieal methods for state-seleetively deteeting ehemieal reaetion produets left-hand side, laser-indueed fluoreseenee (LIF) eentre, resonanee-enlianeed multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and right-hand side, eoherent anti-Stokes Raman speetroseopy (CARS). The ionization oontinuiim is denoted by a shaded area. The dashed lines indieate virtual eleetronie states. Straight arrows indieate eoherent radiation, while a wavy arrow denotes spontaneous emission.

This method, because it involves minimizing the sum of squares of the deviations xi — p, is called the method of least squares. We have encountered the principle before in our discussion of the most probable velocity of an individual particle (atom or molecule), given a Gaussian distr ibution of particle velocities. It is ver y powerful, and we shall use it in a number of different settings to obtain the best approximation to a data set of scalars (arithmetic mean), the best approximation to a straight line, and the best approximation to parabolic and higher-order data sets of two or more dimensions. 

The t and a.-methods, the nature of which was explained in Chapter 2, may be used to arrive at a value of the micropore volume. If the surface of the solid has standard properties, the t-plot (or a,-plot) corresponding to the isotherm of the nonporous powder in Fig. 4.11(a) will be a straight line passing through the origin (cf. curve (i) of Fig. 4.11(6)) and having a slope proportional to the specific surface of the powder. For the microporous powder which yields the isotherm (iii).of Fig. 4.11(a), the t-plot (or Oj-plot) will have the form of curve (iii) of Fig. 4.11(6) the linear branch of this curve will be parallel to curve (i), since it corresponds to the area of the outside of the particles which is identical with that of the nonporous parent particles. 

A calibration curve shows us the relationship between the measured signal and the analyte s concentration in a series of standards. The most useful calibration curve is a straight line since the method s sensitivity is the same for all concentrations of analyte. The equation for a linear calibration curve is... 

It is worth noting that some of these methods are both an inlet system to the mass spectrometer and an ion source at the same time and are not used with conventional ion sources. Thus, with electrospray, the process of removing the liquid phase from the column eluant also produces ions of any emerging mixture components, and these are passed straight to the mass spectrometer analyzer no separate ion source is needed. The particle beam method is different in that the liquid phase is removed, and any residual mixture components are passed into a conventional ion source (often electron ionization). 

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