Stirred equilibrium concentration

A more comprehensive analysis of the influences on the ozone solubility was made by Sotelo et al., (1989). The Henry s Law constant H was measured in the presence of several salts, i. e. buffer solutions frequently used in ozonation experiments. Based on an ozone mass balance in a stirred tank reactor and employing the two film theory of gas absorption followed by an irreversible chemical reaction (Charpentier, 1981), equations for the Henry s Law constant as a function of temperature, pH and ionic strength, which agreed with the experimental values within 15 % were developed (Table 3-2). In this study, much care was taken to correctly analyse the ozone decomposition due to changes in the pH as well as to achieve the steady state experimental concentration at every temperature in the range considered (0°C [Pg.86]

Many conditions for N-substitutions utilize partial conversion into anions, i.e., utilize equilibrium concentrations of the N-anion especially under phase-transfer conditions (e.g., <2004JOC8668> and Scheme 8 <1997CM644>), or in ionic liquids, [Bmim][PF6] or [Bmim][PF4] <2004S1951>, or using DMAP <1999TL2733>. Under phase-transfer conditions, the preference for N-alkylation in indoles ranges from 1.5 1 for benzyl bromide to 10 1 for benzyl chloride and -alkyl bromides, over 3-alkylation. Another variant is to use cesium fluoride/Celite as a solid base <2001T9951> which is convenient and efficient. N-Chlorination of pyrrole occurs when a solution of pyrrole in carbon tetrachloride is stirred at 0C with an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. 

Next, a mathematical model that allows description of the separation and concentration of the components of a metallic mixture will be detailed the principal assumptions of the model are (1) convective mass transfer dominates diffusive mass transfer in the fluid flowing inside the HFs, (2) the resistance in the membrane dominates the overall mass transport resistance, therefore the overall mass transfer coefficient was set equal to the mass transfer coefficient across the membrane, and (3) chemical reactions between ionic species are sufficiently fast to ignore the contribution of the chemical reaction rates. Thus, the reacting species are present in equilibrium concentration at the interface everywhere [31,32,58,59]. For systems working under nonsteady state, it is also necessary to describe the change in the solute concentration with time both in the modules and in the reservoir tanks. The reservoir tanks will be modeled as ideal stirred tanks. 

Stirred for sufficient time to reach equilibrium, after which the particles are removed from the suspension by centrifugation and the equilibrium concentration C2 is determined using a suitable analytical method. The amount of adsorption F (molm ) is calculated as follows ... 

T = 298 K. The solid does not appear to dissolve. You wait a long time, with occasional stirring and eventually measure the equilibrium concentration of Cu aq) in the water to be 5.01 X 10 M. What is the ffsp of copper(Il) phosphate ... 

Grbber [33] computed the approach to equilibrium temperature of spherical particles immersed in an agitated fluid of constant temperature. Since the concentration of the solution in a well-stirred vessel in continuous flow is essentially uniform throughout at the effluent value, Grober s result can be adapted to cocurrent adsorption through the heat- mass-transfer analogy, as in Fig. 11.27. Here the approach of the particles to equilibrium concentration with the effluent liquid is expressed as the Muiphree stage efficiency,... 

Pectins in the acidic form were dissolved either in pure water or in 0.1 M NaNOs and put to pH -7.2 by adding 0.05 M NaOH. Various amounts of metal ions were added to pectins solutions at two different concentrations, for 2 h under stirring at 25.0 0.1°C. Concentration of metal ions in solution at equilibrium was determined either by a potentiometric method using ion-selective electrodes for Cu2+ and Pb2+ or by a spectrophotometric method using tetramethylmurexide dye (Kwak Joshi, 1981) for Ni2+, Tsfi and Ca2+. 

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