Stimulated organic materials

Corrosion of iron and steel, especially in anaerobic conditions such as waterlogged soils, is usually caused by sulphate-reducing bacteria of which the genus Desulphovibrio is the most commonly occuring. The presence of organic materials such as acetate often stimulates these organisms reducing... 

When the temperature of a carbonate reservoir that is saturated with high-viscosity oil and water increases to 200° C or more, chemical reactions occur in the formation, resulting in the formation of considerable amounts of CO2. The generation of CO2 during thermal stimulation of a carbonate reservoir results from the dealkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of water vapor, catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons by water vapor, and oxidation of organic materials. Clay material and metals of variable valence (e.g., nickel, cobalt, iron) in the carbonate rock can serve as the catalyst. An optimal amount of CO2 exists for which maximal oil recovery is achieved [1538]. The performance of a steamflooding process can be improved by the addition of CO2 or methane [1216]. 

Oxidizer Is a substance that gives up oxygen easily to stimulate combustion of organic material. 

Biofilm is being researched for potential use as an in situ barrier technology. It is not yet commercially available. Biofilm is an organic material consisting of microorganisms embedded in a self-made polymer matrix. It is formed when bacteria are introduced into soil and stimulated with specific nutrients. 

In general, problems are most amenable to solution if they can be analyzed into their components. I hope that the concept of stages in oxidative deterioration will increase the effectiveness with which problems in preserving organic materials can be attacked and with which improved methods and materials for conservation can be developed. At the moment, many more questions are raised than answered. Nonetheless, the ideas presented here promise to stimulate and give direction to our research for some years to come. 

Whether the changes in the quantities accumulated are due to differences in rates of transport of the different forms of metals across biological membranes, to changes in feeding rates stimulated by the presence of organic material in the water, or to interactions of metals and ligands in the water that alter the quantities of the biologically available forms of the metal is not known. However, differences in turnover rates from laboratory and field studies may be explained in part by this factor. 

Landfills have been the most popular depositories of spent nickel catalyst. Environmental concerns regarding the impact of nickel and conservation elforts to preserve nickel supplies have stimulated recycling and reclamation of the nickel component. Solvent extraction of organic material from the nickel is most effective with polar solvents such as isopropanol and methyl ethyl ketone (108). 

Little s voluminous patent papers, which preceded his 1964 paper, were remarkable by their lack of any experimental proof of the theoretical ideas put forward. They provided however very stimulating ideas, which were to colour research for metallic and indeed superconductive organic materials. 

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