Steviol glycoside

Glycoside Bioprocessing in Food and Flavor Chemistry 4.1 Steviol Glycosides... 

Fig. 15 Structures of steviol glycosides - for their relative sweetness see Table 1...

Shibata, H., Sawa, Y., Oka, T., Sonoke, S., Kim, K.K. and Yoshioka, M. (1995) Steviol and steviol-glycoside-glucosyltransferase activities in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni purification and partial characterization. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 321, 390-96. 

In Japan, the largest market for the S. rebaudiana sweeteners to date, three different forms of stevia sweetener products are commercially available, namely, stevia extract , sugar-transferred stevia extract , and rebaudioside A-enriched stevia extract . Stevia extract is a powder or granule made by several industrial steps and standardized so as to contain more than 80% of steviol glycosides, inclusive of dulcoside A (3-5%), rebaudioside A (20-25%), rebaudioside C (5-10%), and stevioside (50-55%) [31]. Sugar-transferred stevia extract is made by... 

Brusick, D.J. 2008. A critical review of the genetic toxicity of steviol and steviol glycosides. Food Chem. Foxicol. 46(Suppl. 7) S83-S91. 

Stevia is a commercial name for em artificied sweetener and is also the common name for the plant that it is extracted from. Steviol is the basic structure of this class of sweetener, but when sugar molecules are attached to steviol (making it steviol glycoside) its sweetness skyrockets to hundreds of times that of regular sugar. This sweetener has been in use for centuries in South and Central America and in Japan since the 1970s. In the United States, it s only been available for a few years as a purified compound (marketed under the name Truvia ) raw plant extracts of the stevia plant are not approved for use in the United States. 

Tanaka, O. Steviol-glycosides New Natural Sweeteners. Trends Anal. Chem. 1, 246 (1982). 

Stevia species are members of the family of Asteraceae. Stevia rebaudiana contains steviol glycosides, such as stevioside and rebaudioside A, used as artificial sweeteners and 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose [72, 73 ]. Their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic actions have been reviewed [74, 75 ]. 

Steviol glycosides have been reported to have mutagenic effects in some bacteria in vitro, but the results have been variable and are thought not to be relevant to daily use of stevioside as a sweetener [78, 79 ]. 

Carakostas MC, Curry LL, Boileau AC, Bnisick DJ. Overview the history, technical function and safety of rebaudioside A, a naturally occurring steviol glycoside, for use in food and beverages. Food Chem Toxicol 2008 46(Suppl 7) Sl-SlO. 

Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G, Benitez S, Jimenez JT, Jimenez N, Rojas V. Apparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008 51(1) 37- 1. 

Ion Chromatography in the Food and Beverage Industry l269 Table 1034 Structures and molecular weights of the nine most abundant steviol glycosides. 

Figure 10.270 Separation of the nine most abundant steviol glycosides by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Separator column Capcell Pak CIS MG II, 5 pm column dimensions 250mmx4.6mm i.d. column temperature 40°C eluent MeCN/phosphate buffer, pH 2.6 (32 68 v/v) flow rate 1 mlVmin ...

EFSA (2010) Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food on the Safety of Steviol Glycosides for the Proposal Uses As a Food Additive. EFSA /., 8,... 

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2008) Steviol Glycosides Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, Monograph 5. 

Hurum, D. and Rohrer, J. (2014) AppUcation Note No. 241 Determination of Steviol Glycosides by HPI.C with UV and ELS Detection. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Suimyvale, CA, USA... 

Steviol glycosides are derived from the mevalonic acid pathway. The ent-kaurene skeleton of stevioside is formed via 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway [59, 60]. High activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in chloroplasts of Stevia rebaudiana has been reported [61]. Hence, the investigators anticipated mevalonic acid (MVA) as an intermediate of steviol biosynthetic route on the basis of the fact that HMG-CoA reductase is a key enzyme of the MVA route to isopentenyl-diphosphate (IPP). 

Ruddat M, Heftmann E, Lang A (1965) Steviol glycoside biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Bio-phys 110(3) 496 99... 

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