Steroid hormones urine

Dray J, Dray F, Tiller F, Ulman A (1972) Hydrolysis of urine metabolites of different steroid hormons by b-glucuronidase of Escherichia coli. Ann Inst Pasteur 123 853-857... 

The steroid hormones are mainly inactivated in the liver, where they are either reduced or further hydroxylated and then conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulfate for excretion (see p. 316). The reduction reactions attack 0X0 groups and the double bond in ring A. A combination of several inactivation reactions gives rise to many different steroid metabolites that have lost most of their hormonal activity. Finally, they are excreted with the urine and also partly via the bile. Evidence of steroids and steroid metabolites in the urine is used to investigate the hormone metabolism. 

Steroid hormones are generally converted into inactive metaboic excretion products in the liver. Reactions include reduction of unsaturated bonds and the introduction of additional hydroxyl groups. The) resulting structures are made more soluble by conjugation with curonic acid or sulfate (from PAPS, see p. 160). Approximate ) twenty to thirty percent of these metabolites are secreted into the bile and then excreted in the feces, whereas the remainder ae t released into the blood and filtered from the plasma in the kidney, passing into the urine. These conjugated metabolites are fairb1 water-soluble and do not need protein carriers. 

Inactivated steroid hormones are conjugated to glucuronic acid prior to excretion in the urine. 

Plasma levels of some hormones (thyroid and steroid hormones), vitamins (vitamin D metabolites), ions (iron, copper, and zinc) and drugs maybe low in nephrotic subjects because of the low levels of protein-bound ligands (K11), as binding proteins are lost into the urine. Ligands also may be lost in the urine together with their... 

Steroids hormones in clinical chemistry Steroid analysis by LC-MS/MS in pediatrics— challenges in method specificity, sensitivity, and test results interpretation steroid assays and profiling in plasma, saliva, and urine by LC-MS/MS. [9]... 

Taylor et al. [39,56] analyzed a mixture of corticosteroids in extracts of equine urine and plasma. Gradient elution was used to facilitate trace enrichment at the head of the column. Huber et al. [36] presented another illustration for the use of capillary electrochromatography with gradient elution. Five steroid hormones were separated by using a capillary column packed with 6-pm Zorbax ODS stationary phase. 

Q4 Potassium concentration is mainly controlled by the steroid hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex can be stimulated by either decreased plasma sodium or by increased plasma potassium concentration. An increase in aldosterone secretion causes retention (reabsorption) of sodium in the distal nephron in exchange for secretion of potassium into the urine. The amount of potassium excreted by the kidney is influenced by the acid-base status of the body. In alkalosis, potassium excretion increases, whereas in acidosis it is decreased. In the distal nephron H+ and K+ compete for excretion in exchange for the reabsorption of sodium. Insulin also affects plasma potassium concentration because it promotes the movement of potassium from the plasma into cells. 

Likewise, elimination of the steroid hormones occurs almost exclusively via the liver (after glucuronidation and sulphation) into the bile or urine. They are only excreted in a free form in minute amounts via the urine, intestine or skin. There are numerous important interactions between the liver and steroid hormones. 

Cortisol, a steroid hormone, is reduced and conjugated with gluc-uronide or sulfate and excreted in the urine and the feces. 

In 1929 oestrone was the first steroid hormone isolated from the urine of pregnant... 

It is probable that other conjugates of steroid hormones and their metabolites will eventually be found to exist in human urine, either as normal or unusual constituents. A conjugate of 17a-estradiol with jS-glucuronic acid and IV-acetylglucosamine has been isolated recently (J3) and an unusual compound, not a conjugate in the usual sense, of urea and... 

This is especially true for the primary steroid hormones shown in Table II. The isolation of estrone would have been much delayed had Zondek not discovered that the urine of pregnant women is a much richer source than ovarian extract, where its presence had first been detected. 

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