Stern-Gerlach method

Let us first consider the normal Zeeman effect, which applies to transitions between electronic states with zero total spin magnetic moment, so-called singlet states. Like the projection Ms of S in the Stern-Gerlach experiment, the projection Ml of the spatial angular momentum L is space quantized in the external magnetic field. We shall describe the quantization of the spatial angular momentum by means of quantum mechanical methods in detail later. Suffice it to say that each state with spatial angular momentum quantum number L splits into 2L + 1 components, i.e., a P state (L = 1) splits into three components with... 

Shortly after the results of the Stern-Gerlach experiment appeared in the scientific literature. Stern received an invitation to join the faculty at the University of Hamburg, where, over the period 1922 to 1933, he continued his experimental work. In 1932, Stern decided to adapt the molecular beam method to a daunting experiment to measure the magnetic moment of the proton, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Joining him is this endeavor was Otto Robert Frisch. 

But positional isolation via pure CSRR seems simpler and easier in principle, even if, via weighing, it may not be realizable in practice. But perhaps as discussed three paragraphs previously, via a Stern-Gerlach apparatus it may be [1], Its simplicity in principle allows us to focus on attainment of absolute zero per se rather on experimental technical issues. Moreover, as noted three paragraphs previously, the QCR method discussed in Sect. 3 of Ref. [1] employs purely-CSRR positional isolation as its first step as noted two paragraphs previously, only the de-excitation of atoms still in the first excited state down to the ground state in its second step is an ERR process. 

The polarizability of some neutral atoms (H, Li, K, Cs) has been recently determined by a method similar to the Stern-Gerlach experiment ( 7, p. 166), namely, by measuring the deflexion of a beam of atoms in an inhomogeneous electric field (Stark, 1936). The results do not agree very well with theoretical computations from atomic models. 

We focused on the size-selected cluster ions with small sizes in the above. On the other hand, the magnetic moments of neutral transition metal clusters in the size range between several and several hundreds are successfully measured by deflection in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. This method is basically the same as the Stern-Gerlach experiment known by the discovery of the electron spin by using the deflection of an atomic beam of silver. 

Ch. VI, Fig. 16.—Magnetic splitting up of a lithium beam by the method of Stern and Gerlach... 

---