Stereological techniques

Weibel ER (1969) Stereological techniques for electron microscopic morphometry, Int. Rev. Cytol. 26, 235-296. 

Morphometric and stereological research methods are valuable quantitative tools for toxicological studies. However, these methods can be very labour intensive and therefore are infrequently used for toxicity evaluation studies. Computerized image analysis may solve some of these problems in the fiiture. Other automated quantitative methods, such as flow cytometry, have also been used (Kangasniemi et al., 1990 Toppari et al., 1990). However, these are not routine techniques and are not incorporated in any testing guidelines at present. 

Weibel, E. R. (1984) Morphometric and stereological methods in respiratory physiology including fixation techniques, in Techniques in Respiratory Physiology, Part 1. (Otis, A. B., ed.), Elsevier, New York, NY, P4/I, P401/1-P401/35. 

Stereology SEM, TEM Image analysis >1.5 nm 2D image. Porosity Pore size distribution Preparation technique can influence the real porous texture... 

It is sometimes necessary to extract quantitative data on three-dimensional features from two-dimensional sections or surface micrographs taken by OM, SEM, or TEM. Such data extraction requires a careful consideration of how the two-dimensional representation samples the true three-dimensional objects. This branch of metrology, or measurement science, is known as stereology. Detailed techniques for the... 

Ceramicists and powder metallurgists have also made extensive studies of techniques for studying the structure of holes and dispersed species in items made from powder compacts and these technologists refer to the measurement technology either by the term quantitative stereology or quantitative microscopy [30]. It has been shown that if a dispersion such as that shown in Figure 2.16(a), is randomly dispersed then the sets of chords drawn in a parallel line scan search such as that of Figure 2.16(c) (i) has a log-normal distribution. Whereas an )omerated field of view, or a non randomized... 

The goal of mixing measurement techniques is the acquisition and statistical analysis of data collected from samples in order to evaluate the quality of the process and the final product. These techniques are usually time consuming and laborious. One common problem in measurement techniques that examine a planar section of the product is that two-dimensional information should be transformed into three-dimensional information. This is done with the help of stereology science (Underwood, 1977). 

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