Steel Young modulus

I he ability of polymer networks for large reversible deformations under a small load is due to a small value of the modulus. For example, for crosslinked rubber, the Young modulus is E 0.8 kG/mm while for steel it is E 2 10 kG/mm (Sedov, 1983). 

The steel sheet pile wall is assumed to be made of mUd steel with a Young modulus of 200,000 MPa and a Poison s ratio of 0.3. It is modeled using elastic elements. For instance, the cross section and the properties of a sheet pile used in practice are shown in Fig. 25.9. The thickness of the steel finite elements is assumed to be 0.2 m, giving bending stif iess equivalent to the real one. Since the thickness of... 

Other properties common to all duplex stainless steels Young s modulus 200 GPa specific heat capacity ca. 500 J.kg . ... 

Direct stress by itself induces a degree of secondary shear stresses. For each material there is a Poisson ratio v. For steel it is 0.30 and for gray cast iron it is 0.26. Shear strain correlates with shear strain by the modulus of rigidity G (also called shear modulus). It is related to the Young modulus by the Poisson ratio ... 

The actual experimental moduli of the polymer materials are usually about only % of their theoretical values [1], while the calculated theoretical moduli of many polymer materials are comparable to that of metal or fiber reinforced composites, for instance, the crystalline polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl alcohol have their calculated Young s moduli in the range of 200-300 GPa, surpassing the normal steel modulus of 200 GPa. This has been attributed to the limitations of the folded-chain structures, the disordered alignment of molecular chains, and other defects existing in crystalline polymers under normal processing conditions. 

The tensile strength and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature. For example, the tensile strength of mild steel (low carbon steel, C < 0.25 per cent) is 450 N/mm1 2 3 4 at 25°C falling to 210 at 500°C, and the value of Young s modulus... 

Try a straight cylindrical skirt (9S = 90°) of plain carbon steel, design stress 135 N/mm2 and Young s modulus 200,000 N/mm2 at ambient temperature. 

The value of C in equation 10.39 depends on the way in which the pipe is restrained but for practical purposes a value of unity is adequate. In this equation, E is Young s modulus of elasticity of the pipe, d, the internal diameter of the pipe and tw its wall thickness. The value of E for steel is about 2 x 10s MPa and K for water is about 2 x 103 MPa thus K/E is about 10-2. It will be seen that the elasticity of the pipe has a negligible effect with thick-wall pipes but with thin-wall ones (say djtw > 40) the propagation speed a will typically be reduced to about 70 per cent of the speed of sound c in the liquid. 

The material properties used in the simulations pertain to a new X70/X80 steel with an acicular ferrite microstructure and a uniaxial stress-strain curve described by er, =tr0(l + / )", where ep is the plastic strain, tr0 = 595 MPa is the yield stress, e0=ff0l E the yield strain, and n = 0.059 the work hardening coefficient. The Poisson s ratio is 0.3 and Young s modulus 201.88 OPa. The system s temperature is 0 = 300 K. We assume the hydrogen lattice diffusion coefficient at this temperature to be D = 1.271x10 m2/s. The partial molar volume of hydrogen in solid solution is... 

Table 1.3 compares the rigidity-modified data for consumption expressed as volume (million m )X Young s modulus (GPa). The elastic tensile modulus is arbitrarily fixed at 2 for plastics, 200 for steel and 75 for aluminium. 

---