Thermodynamic properties steam

Thermodynamic Properties. Ordinary water contains three isotopes of hydrogen [1333-74-0] (qv), ie, H, H, and H, and three of oxygen [7782 4-7] (qv), ie, O, and The bulk of water is composed of and O. Tritium [15086-10-9] H, and are present only in extremely minute concentrations, but there is about 200-ppm deuterium [16873-17-9], H, and 1000-ppm in water and steam (see Deuterium and tritium). The thermodynamic properties of heavy water are subtly different from those of ordinary water. lAPWS has special formulations for heavy water. The properties given herein are for ordinary water having the usual mix of isotopes. 

TABLE 2-354 Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Steam Concluded)... 

Extensive tables of the viscosity and thermal conductivity of air and of water or steam for various pressures and temperatures are given with the thermodynamic-property tables. The thermal conductivity and the viscosity for the saturated-liquid state are also tabulated for many fluids along with the thermodynamic-property tables earlier in this section. 

Steam), and oi er input from CORCON. It contains a library of thermodynamic properties je energies from bich vapor pressures are calculated) for chemical species (mostly elements, oxides, and hydroxide that might be formed by fission products and other melt constituents. 

This equation is seldom used, because the tables of the thermodynamic properties of fluids (steam tables) allow the values of the fluid/gas vapor to be accurately obtained. 

Values obtained from Keenan Keyes— Thermodynamic Properties of Steam". John Wiley Sons, 1936, by permission. 

The thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant determine the suitability for a given condition of operation, particularly when compared with the same requirements or other refrigerants. The quantity of refrigerant needed for a particular level of evaporation is a function of its latent heat, except when using steam jet refrigeration, because the use of its chilled water involves only sensible heat transfer to process fluids. 

Values obtained directly or by interpolation from Keenan Keyes—"Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, John Wiley Sons, 1930 by permission and Courtesy C. H. Wheeler Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Keenan, J. H., F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill and J. G. Moore, 1969, Steam Tables, Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases. Wiley, New York. 

Wormald, C.J., "Thermodynamic Properties of Some Mixtures Containing Steam." Paper presented at National Physical Laboratory Conference on Chemical Thermodynamic Data on Fluids and Fluid Mixtures, Tedding ton, Middlesex, U.K., September 11-12, 1978. Conference Proceedings published by IPC Science and Technology Press. 

As it is formulated above, the model can be used without further modification for the estimation of the thermodynamic properties of mixtures of steam with hydrocarbons in the to Cg... 

Haar L., Gallager J. G., and Kell G. S. (1979). Thermodynamic properties of fluid water. In Contributions to the 9th Int. Conf. on Properties of Steam, Munich, Western Germany. 

Level Sengers J. M. H., Kamgar-Parsi B., Balfour E W., and Sengers J. V. (1983). Thermodynamic properties of steam in the critical region. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12 1-28. 

Source Condensed from Keenan and Keyes, Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, Wiley, New York, 1936). 

Refs l)L.A.Harding, Steam Power Plant Engineering , Wiley,NY(1932) 2)J.H.Keenar. F.G. Keyes,"Thermodynamic Properties of Steam , Wiley,NY(1936) 3)T.E.Butterfield et al, Steam and Gas Engineering ,Van Nostrand,NY(1947)... 

Gas and Liquid Phases. Equilibrium data (P-V-T) and thermodynamic properties for the single-component systems water (steam) and ammonia are complete and apparently of the best accuracy because of the extensive use of these substances in cyclic systems 14,20). 

Keenan, J. H. Keyes, F. G. "Thermodynamic Properties of Steam" John Wiley Sons New York, 1986. 

Keenan JFI, Keys FG. Thermodynamic properties of steam. 1st ed. New York John Wiley Sons, Inc, 1936 28-73. 

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Professor Charles Mucken-fuss, of Debra L. Saucke, and of Eugene N. Dorsi, whose efforts produced computer programs for calculation of the thermodynamic properties of steam and ultimately the Steam Tables of App. C. We would also like to thank the reviewers of this edition Stanley M. Walas, University of Kansas Robert G. Squires, Purdue University Professor Donald Sundstrom, University of Connecticut and Professor Michael Mohr, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Most especially, we acknowledge the contributions of Professor M. M. Abbott, whose creative ideas are reflected in the structure and character of this fourth edition, and who reviewed the entire manuscript. 

These results may be tabulated along with the corresponding conditions of T and P existing at section 2 for a large number of runs. In addition, specific-volume measurements may be made for these same conditions, and these may be tabulated. Corresponding values of the internal energy of water may be calculated by Eq. (2.6), U = H - PV, and these numbers too may be tabulated. In this way tables of thermodynamic properties may be compiled over the entire useful range of conditions. The most widely used such tabulation is for H20 and is known as the steam tables, t... 

As mentioned earlier, the state of a pure homogeneous fluid is fixed whenever two intensive thermodynamic properties are set at definite values. However, for more complex systems this number is not necessarily two. For example, a mixture of steam and liquid water in equilibrium at 101.33 kPa can exist only at 100°C. It is impossible to change the temperature without also changing the pressure if vapor and liquid are to continue to exist in equilibrium one cannot exercise independent control over these two variables for this system. The number of... 

All tables are generated by computer from programs based on The 1976 IFCt Formulation for Industrial Use A Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance, as published in the ASME Steam Tables, 4th ed., App. I, pp. 11-29, The Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., New York, 1979. 

The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, 1997, IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam, Erlangen, Germany. 

The operating pressure is obtained from the vapor pressure and the partial pressure of the gaseous educts and products. In this process, the temperatures applied are between 150 and 500 °C. In recent times, supercritical fluids have attracted a great deal of attention as potential extraction agents and reaction media in chemical reactions. This has resulted from an unusual combination of thermodynamic properties and transport properties. As a rule supercritical reactions like hydrolysis or oxidation are carried out in water. Above the critical point of water, its properties are very different to those of normal liquid water or atmospheric steam. 

Thermodynamic properties were reviewed by Angus et al. (1976) and tables of thermodynamic properties were constructed. Vukalovich and Altunin (1968) reviewed both the thermodynamic and transport properties. These are similar to the Steam Tables (Haar et al., 1984), which should be familiar to most engineers. The latest tables for the thermodynamic properties of C02 are those of Span and Wagner (1996). 

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