Steam specific heat

Information implied molar mass of water and steam specific heats of water and steam... 

Condenser and eboiler AT. The losses for AT are typically far greater than those for reflux beyond the minimum. The economic optimum for temperature differential is usually under 15°C, in contrast to the values of over 50°C often used in the past. This is probably the biggest opportunity for improvement in the practice of distillation. A specific example is the replacement of direct-fired reboilers with steam (qv) heat. 

Other types of regenerators designed for specific adsorption systems may use solvents and chemicals to remove susceptible adsorbates (51), steam or heated inert gas to recover volatile organic solvents (52), and biological systems in which organics adsorbed on the activated carbon during water treatment are continuously degraded (53). 

It is advantageous to use a low-retentivity carbon to enable the adsorbate to be stripped out easily. When empirical data are not available, the following heat requirements have to be taken into consideration (1) heat to the adsorbent and vessel, (2) heat of adsorption and specific heat of adsorbate leaving the adsorbent, (3) latent and specific heat of water vapor accompanying the adsorbate, (4) heat in condensed, indirect steam, (5) radiation and convection heat losses. 

Mean specific heat of steam of air at constant pressure Cp, = 4210 J kgp K ... 

A useful rule of thumb is that the turbine work in a STIC plant is increased by a factor of about (1 + 25), since the specific heat of the steam is about double that of the specific heat of the dry gas. This is in agreement with the example given above and with the earlier detailed calculations by Fraize and Kinney [3]. (Their work was based on the assumption that the mixture of air and steam in the turbine behaved as a semi-perfect gas, with specific heats being determined simply by mass averaging of the values for the two components.)... 

Cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure corresponding to downstream absolute pressure (0.45 approx.) ts = temp of steam on downstream side of nozzle, °F Wa = Air flowTate, Ibs/hr... 

In the design of all parts of a system, special consideration should be given to the large amount of flash vapor liberated on the reduction of pressure. Because of the high ratio of specific heat to latent heat, much more flash vapor is liberated with Dowtherm A than with steam. Consequendy, all constrictions that would cause high pressure drops should be avoided. 

If these basic laws can be accepted it is easy to build up an understanding of steam systems and the way that steam behaves. The ground rules for an effective (and efficient) steam system then quickly become apparent. Specific heats and weights for various solids, liquids, gases and vapors, as well as pipeline capacities, are shown in Tables 22.1-22.4. 

An approximate figure for the final dry bulb temperature can be obtained, using the specific heat capacity of the steam through the range 20-100°C, which is about 1.972 kj/kg. This gives... 

The effect of pressure on the specific heat of steam has been examined by Thiesen and by Lorenz. The molecular heat has a minimum, Gp = 7 34, at 80° C. With diminishing pressure, steam behaves more and more like a permanent gas, the molecular heat tending to a limiting value Cp = 7 74. 

As an example of a negative heat capacity we have the specific heat of saturated steam. If unit mass of steam in the condition of saturation is raised one degree in temperature, and at the same time compressed so as to keep it just saturated at each temperature, it is found that heat is evolved, not absorbed, because the work spent in the compression exceeds the increase of intrinsic energy. 

Clausius (1850), in considering Regnault s data for the latent heat of steam, introduced a new specific heat, applicable to either phase of a saturated complex of two phases, viz., the amount of heat absorbed in raising the temperature of unit mass of a saturated phase by 1°, the pressure being at the same time varied so as to preserve the substance in a saturated state. In the case of a vapour, this is called the specific heat of saturated vapour (a). 

Hence at this temperature, we arrive at the somewhat surprising result that the specific heat of saturated steam is negative. 

The mean specific heat of saturated steam at a temperature slightly higher than 100° was found by Regnault to be 0 48. 

Measurements in this held have been made by Berthelot and Ogier with nitrogen tetroxide Ann. de Chim. et Phys., [v.], 30, 382 (1883)), and with acetic acid ibid., 400), and some calculations with reference to steam have been made by Nernst Verhandl. Deutsch. Phys. Ges., 15, 313) and Levy ibid., 330), who utilised the vapour-pressure measurements of Holborn and Henning Ann. der Physik, (1906), 21 (1907), 22, 23). Wiedemann had previously observed that the specific heats of ethylbromide, ethyl-acetate, and benzene increase with temperature at about the same rate as that of nitrogen tetroxide at 200°. In the case of steam it was assumed that (i.) the polymerisation is to double molecules... 

In the case of a storage tank with liquor of mass m and specific heat C heated by steam condensing in a helical coil, it may be assumed that the overall transfer coefficient U is constant. If 7 is the temperature of the condensing steam, Tt and To the initial and final temperatures of the liquor, and A the area of heat transfer surface, and T k the temperature of the liquor at any time t, then the rate of transfer of heat is given by ... 

A vessel contains 1 tonm (I Mg) of a liquid of specific heat capacity 4.0 kj/kg K. The vessel is heated by steam at 393 K which is fed to a cod immersed in the agitated liquid and heat is lost to the surroundings at 293 K from the outside o." the vessel. How long dots it take to heat the liquid from 293 to 353 K and what is the maximum temperature to which the liquid can be heated When the liquid temperature has reached 353 K, the steam supply is tinned off for 2 hours (7.2 ks and the vessel cools. How long will it take to reheat the material to 353 K The surface area of the coil is 0 5 m2 and the overall coefficient of heat transfer to the liquid may be taken as 600 W/m2 K. The outside area of Lie vessel is 6 m2 and the coefficient of heat transfer to the surroundings may be taken as 10 W/m2 K. 

The specific heat and density of the oil may be assumed constant at 1.9 kJ/kg K and 900 kg/m respectively, and any resistance to heat transfer on the steam side neglected. 

A stirred reactor contains a batch of 700 kg reactants of specific heat 3.8 kJ/kg K initially at 290 K, which is heated by dry saturated steam at 170 kN/m2 fed to a helical coil. During the heating period the steam supply rate is constant at 0.1 kg/s and condensate leaves at the temperature of the steam. If heat losses arc neglected, calculate the true temperature of the reactants when a thermometer immersed in the material reads 360 K. The bulb of the thermometer is approximately cylindrical and is 100 mm long by 10 mm diameter with a water equivalent of 15 g, and the overall heat transfer coefficient to the thermometer is 300 W/m2 K. What would a thermometer with a similar bulb of half the length and half the heat capacity indicate under these conditions ... 

A batch of reactants of specific heat 3.8 kJ/kg K and of mass 1000 kg is heated by means of a submerged slearn coil of area 1 m2 fed with steam at 390 K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 600 W/m2 K, calculate the time taken to heat the material from 290 to 360 K, if heat losses to the surroundings are neglected. 

A jacketed reaction vessel containing 0.25 nv1 of liquid of specific gravity 0.9 and specific heat 3.3 kJ/kg K is heated by means of steam fed to a jacket on the walls. The contents of the tank are agitated by a stirrer rotating at 3 Hz. The heat transfer area is 2.5 nr ami the steam temperature is 380 K. The outside film heat transfer coefficient is 1.7 kW/m2 K and the 10 mm thick wall of the tank has a thermal conductivity of 6.0 W/m K... 

An open cylindrical tank 500 mm diameter and I m deep is three quarters filled with a liquid ol density 980 kg/mJ and of specific heat capacity 3 kj/kg K. If the heat transfer coefficient from the cylindrical walls and the base of the tank is 10 W/m2 K and front the surface is 20 W/m3 K, what area of heating coil, fed with steam at 383 K. is required to heat the contents from 288 K to 368 K in a half hour The overall heat transfer coefficient for the coil may be taken as 100 W/m2 K, the surroundings we at 288 K and the heal capacity of the tank itself may be neglected. 

Design a shell-and-tube reactor that has a volume of 24 m and evaluate its performance as the reactor element in the process of Example 6.2. Use tubes with an i.d. of 0.0254m and a length of 5m. Assume components A, B, and C all have a specific heat of 1.9 kJ/(kg-K) and a thermal conductivity of 0.15W/(m-K). Assume 7 ,>, = 70°C. Run the reaction on the tube side and assume that the shell-side temperature is constant (e.g., use condensing steam). Do the consecutive, endothermic case. 

---