Staudenmaier method

Initial discharge potentials of fluorinated graphite oxides, prepared by the modified Staudenmaier method, were in the range of 3.20-3.35 V at a current density... 

Figure 5.7 Schematic illustration of Brodie s method, Staudenmaier s method and Hummers method for the synthesis of graphene oxide hy chemical oxidation techniques.

Table 1 summarizes a survey of the synthetic approaches and resulting capacitance values of graphene-based electrodes (see also Refs. [5-7, 11, 14, 31, 76-80] for a review of synthetic approaches). Natural graphite is the most commonly used starting material, while more atypical materials such as CNTs [46] and platelet carbon nanofibers [55] have also been used. The (modified) Hummers method [81] is the most mutual method for oxidation of carbon, while the Staudenmaier [82] and Brodie [83] methods have also been applied. Reduction of the oxidized graphite oxide nanosheets is often conducted with hydrazine. 

Researchers have focused more on the synthesis and reduction of graphene oxide because GO and reduced GO can be synthesized easily. GO is usually synthesized from the oxidation of graphite by strong oxidants based on the Brodie, Staudenmaier, or Hummers methods or some other modification of these methods. Hummers method has been more widely used and many modifications have been made to synthesize GO for designated appHcations (Tong et al., 2013). 

One of the earliest improvements on Brodie s work happened in 1898 by L. Staudenmaier. Two major changes were introduced (1) adding concentrated sulfuric acid to increase the acidity of the mixture and (2) adding multiple aliquots of potassium chlorate solution into the reaction mixture over the course of reaction. These changes led to a h hly oxidized GO product (composition same as the final product that Brodie got) in a single reaction vessel, thus a largely simpHfied GO synthesis process. However, Staudenmaier s method was both time consuming and hazardous the addition of potassium chlorate typically lasted over a week, and the chlorine dioxide that evolved needed to be removed by an inert gas, while explosion was a constant hazard (Shahriary and Athawale, 2014 Staudenmaier, 1898). 

Chemical process route This is the most important route to produce graphene for several applications in catalysis and materials, in particular for hydrogen storage in fuel cells and Fischer-Tropsch, recently. Three principal methods are developed by Brodie [172], Staudenmaier [173], and Hummers and Offeman [174], respectively. 

Ong BK, Poh HL, Chua CK et al (2012) Graphenes prepared by hummers, Staudenmaier and Hofmann methods for antilysis of TNT-based nitroaromatic explosives in seawater. Electroanalysis 24 2085-2093... 

---