Static apparatus used

Figure 2. Apparatus used in static fissure adsorption experiments...

In addition to the change in the theoretical methods applied to hydrates, there have been significant advancements and widespread use of meso- and microscopic tools in hydrate research. Conversely, the typical static experimental apparatus used today to measure macroscopic properties, such as phase equilibria properties, is based on the same principles as the apparatus used by Deaton and Frost (1946). In part, this is due to the fact that the simplest apparatus is both the most elegant and reliable simulation of hydrate formation in industrial systems. In Section 6.1.1 apparatuses for the determination of hydrate thermodynamic and transport macroscopic properties are reviewed. 

The static laser light scattering apparatus used as an on-line GPC detector has been popular for a while. Here, we illustrate another but less known method of combining the results from (gel permeation chromatography) and DLS. The basic principle is as follows There is a similarity between these two tools in that the translational diffusion coefficient D obtained by DLS and the elution volume V in GPC are related to the hydrodynamic size of a given macromolecule. In a first approximation, if the hydrodynamic size is proportional to the molar mass, we have... 

Static test Apparatus used is similar to that of bubble test without anyflow and corrosion rates obtained by either weight loss or electrochemical means. ... 

Adsorption measurements were carried out by a static technique in a gravimetric vacuum apparatus using quartz springs (McBain balances). Benzene and carbon dioxide at 25°C were used as adsorptives. For the determination of the enthalpies of immersion following organic liquids were applied dichloromethane, benzene, cyclohexane and 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. 

The apparatus used in the present study is based on the axi-symmetric bubble shape analysis, i.e., a firmly established technique for the measurement of static and dynamic surface tension as well as of the geometrical properties of the bubble (Loglio et al. 1996, 2001, Kovalchuk et al. 2001, Miller et al. 2000, Rusanov and Prokhorov 1996, Neumann and Spelt 1996, Cheu et al. 1998). In essence, the shape of a bubble (or of a drop) is determined by a combination of surface tension and gravity effects. Surface forces tend to make drops and bubbles spherical whereas gravity tends to elongate them. 

The apparatus used in the temperature-programmed desorption studies, consists of two parts (1) a static system for adsorption measurements, and (2) a system for the temperature-programmed desorption of the gases adsorbed on the catalyst into the stream of a carrier gas. Figure 1 shows schematically the experimental arrangement used in... 

Static apparatus for investigating gas-gas equilibria used by Krishevskii and... 

The apparatus used is much simpler than the apparatus used in the cyclic compression test (Cabrera and Nikolaides 1987 Jongeneel et al. 1985). It is mentioned that the CRT-UTM-NU (Cooper Research Technology Ltd. 2014) apparatus is also capable of performing the static creep test. 

The generic apparatus used for static photoluminescence (and absorption) measurements is depicted in Figure 8... 

An example of the use of the static method is provided by the work of Cruickshank and Cutler whose apparatus, used in the temperature range 25 to 75 °C, is shown in Figure 1. A is the sample container, and this is... 

The external manifestation of reorientation relaxation under an applied stress is the anelastic strain that accompanies a net change of orientational order. In contrast to the elastic strain, the anelastic strain develops in a time-dependent manner governed by the rate of the reorientation jump. Under a static stress, the relaxation may therefore be observed as a limited (and recoverable) creep process. Frequently, however, it is more desirable for reasons of sensitivity or convenience to observe the relaxation dynamically as a loss-peak, via internal friction measurements made as a function of temperature and/or vibration frequency. Figure 2 shows the oxygen Snoek peak in polycrystalline thin film niobium, tested in the same vibrating-reed apparatus" - used for our studies of... 

Figure 8.7 Schematic of a cyclic shear apparatus used to obtain homogeneous shear. This geometry also allows quasi-static deformation making it possible to obtain position and velocity information on the particles inside tbe bulk using particle index-matching techniques.

The radiative lifetime of metastable helium ions has been investigated experimentally by Prior (1972) using a Penning ion trap. In this device a combination of static electric and magnetic fields is used to create a potential well in which ions of low kinetic energy can be stored for considerable periods of time. The apparatus used by Prior is shown schematically in Fig.7.7. The trap consists of two cylindrical electrodes connected by a web of thin copper wires and two plane circular electrodes. Electrically these form a closed cylinder, 15 cm in radius and 30 cm long, whose ends are maintained at a positive potential of between 0-5-3-0 V with respect to the body. The electrostatic field limits the motion of the ions in the axial direction while a magnetic field of between 40-65 G applied coaxially with the cylinder limits the ion motion in the transverse direction. 

In Section 13.5.4 we discussed that use of the so-called static apparatus in vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements provide only the temperature, pressure, and liquid phase composition values of the equilibrium system. Let us now examine how the vapor phase composition is determine from such measurements, by considering the case of a binary system. 

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