Startle epilepsy

Physical examination usually reveals diffusely increased muscle tone during infancy that normalizes with age. Tapping of the forehead results in excessive head retraction. Deep tendon reflexes are generally hyperactive. The preservation of consciousness and the absence of epileptiform discharges on EEG distinguish hyperekplexia from startle epilepsy (Andermann et al 1980). 

Manganese at micromolar concentrations has long been recognized as essential for the proper development and normal function of the nervous system [1,5,8,188]. Recent reports add to the already abundant knowledge of the role of Mn(II) in neurochemistry of the whole organism. A deficiency or an excess of Mn(II) causes severe neurotoxic developmental and functional effects [188-190]. Exposure to abnormal levels of Mn(II) in the developmental stages of life may cause the mature animal to exhibit ataxia or startle responses [191], susceptibility to seizures or epilepsy [192-194]. In these reports most of the effects have been shown to correlate with or interrelate to levels of neurotransmitters or hormones, specific binding to receptors, abnormal diet, or stress [195-198]. 

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

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