Starch transformation

Vergnes y Berzan (2010) founded that starch transformation can be predicted with an error of less than 10 %. They have showed that starch transformation during twin screw extrusion can be accurately predicted using dedicated software in which viscosity and SME are coupled. This may allow the processing conditions or screw profile to be optimized and scale-up problems to be solved. 

Long-time reproducibility of elution profiles broad standard calibration with dextran T-500 transformation of a scb-type calibration function into nb/Icb-type via universal calibration dp of synthetic glucans in the presence of significant amounts of monomer mass and molar degree of polymerization of Triticale (hybride) starch... 

This was previously used as a herbicide, and attention has been directed to its degradation in storage areas or where it has been spilled. A strain of Clostridium bifermentans KMR-1 (that is protected by a U.S. patent) was unable to use dinoseb as carbon or energy source. In the presence of a starch extract, however, a low level of transformation was observed, and the products could subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria (Hammill and Crawford 1996). These observations have been extended to the remediation of soil slurries from a contaminated site by adding phosphate and starch waste that achieved anaerobic conditions, and inoculation with a culture from a pilot-scale... 

This process involves the suspension of the biocatalyst in a monomer solution which is polymerized, and the enzymes are entrapped within the polymer lattice during the crosslinking process. This method differs from the covalent binding that the enzyme itself does not bind to the gel matrix. Due to the size of the biomolecule it will not diffuse out of the polymer network but small substrate or product molecules can transfer across or within it to ensure the continuous transformation. For sensing purposes, the polymer matrix can be formed directly on the surface of the fiber, or polymerized onto a transparent support (for instance, glass) that is then coupled to the fiber. The most popular matrices include polyacrylamide (Figure 5), silicone rubber, poly(vinyl alcohol), starch and polyurethane. 

Fructose has a much sweeter taste than glucose, hence the transformation of glucose derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of starch from com, provides an alternative sweetener to sucrose (a disaccharide of glucose and fructose). This replaced the use of sugar cane by the US soft drinks and candy industry (and effectively destroyed the economy of Cuba in the process). 

The etherified starch was further transformed by hydrogenation of the double bonds to yield the corresponding linear octyl groups using [RhCl(TPPTS)3] catalyst soluble in EtOH-H20 mixtures. Complete hydrogenation was obtained at 40 °C under 30 bar of H2 after 12 h using 0.8-wt.% Rh-catalyst [84]. Other catalytic transformations such as double bond oxidation and olefin metathesis could possibly be used to prepare other modified starches for various applications. 

Randzio, S. L., Flis-Kabulska, 1., and Grolier, J. E. (2002). Reexamination of phase transformations in the starch-water system. Macromolecules 35,8852-8859. 

Zobel, H. F. (1988b). Starch crystal transformations and their industrial importance. Starch/... 

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