Standardless analysis

Since elemental RSFs are reasonably similar for electron-gas SNMSd, a standardless analysis will result in compositions accurate to within a factor of 5 for matrices with major element RSFs close to the average, and to within a factor of 25 for matrices with major element RSFs at the extreme values. More importantly. 

Various quantitation modes (incl. standardless analysis)... 

XRF is widely used in production control, e.g. for the determination of catalyst residues in polyolefins [270], Table 8.48 shows the typical results of a standardless analysis of PP. Industrial XRF analyses of additives in polymers (QC) are usually carried out by either calibration curve or monitor programming. Use of calibration curves allows measuring the full additive concentration range, and is not restricted to a given additive. Consequently, there is no need to implement a new calibration curve upon adjustments of additive or additive contents. For a calibration curve, at least... 

W.-M. Yang and Z.-M. Ni, The possibility of standardless analysis in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry determination of gold in geological samples, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 51(1), 1996, 65-73. 

Standardless analysis, 323 Standards, in calibration, 11, 17 States, virtual, 495,606 in laser media, 171 in Raman spectroscopy, 482,484 Stationary phase, 762 chiral, 806, 837... 

X-ray fluorescence Commercial, limited Light elements standardless analysis (Petro) chemical limited. Additives in polymer blending 31... 

Quantitative accuracy Moderate (depends on sample homogeneity). Standardless analysis possible Good... 

As an example of a standardless bulk analysis by SNMS, a measurement of the complex Ni-based Hasteloy metal (NIST SRM 2402) is presented in Figure 3 and Table 1, in which the composition determined from ion-current ratios (not RSF corrected) is compared to the certified chemical composition. 

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) utilizes high-energy ion beams to probe the elemental composition of the surface of a specimen in a non-destructive way. It can establish the composition as a function of depth to several microns, with a typical depth resolution of 10-20 nm. It is a fast and standardless technique which quantifies the absolute atomic ratios, and can also determine the film thickness. 

Figura, P.M. 1987. Standardless quantitative X- ray fluorescence analysis using stored calibration constants. American Laboratory, 19(2), 156-164.

An analytical method has been developed that allows easy standardless semiquantitative measurements of elemental composition from single shot analysis by LA-ICP-ToFMS to identify alloys of different elemental composition.27 28 This method directly compares adjusted ion signals of... 

G. M. Hieftje, Standardless Semiquantitative Analysis of Metals Using Single-Shot Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2959. 

The question of precision and accuracy in QPA via XRD is a difficult one. It is simple enough to calculate errors on the basis of replication or precision in the mathematical fit. However, determination of the actual accuracy of the analysis is no trivial task in a standardless method. In fact, it cannot be achieved without recourse to some other measure of the sample that does incorporate standards. Too often, analysts will report Rietveld errors (see Appendix A) calculated during refinement as the errors in the final quantification. These numbers relate purely to the mathematical fit of the model and have no bearing on the accuracy or otherwise of the quantification itself. 

Siroquant Computer Programs for Standardless Quantitative Analysis of Minerals Using the Full Powder Diffraction Profile, J. C. Taylor, Powder Diffr., 1991, 6, 2 9 Rietveld ... 

TAY 91] TAYLOR J.C., Computer programs for standardless quantitative analysis of minerals using the full powder diffraction profile . Powder diffraction, vol. 6, p. 2-9,1991. 

The sample throughput for ICP-MS is typically 20-30 element determinations per hour depending on such factors as the concentration levels and required precision. One of the main features of ICP-MS is the near uniform sensitivity across the mass range. This feature would allow standardless semi-quantitative analysis for screening purposes and therefore the rapid estimation of trace metal contents in soil samples. 

TABLE 2. Laser mass analysis with LASMA of a standardless Target with preliminary unknown elemental composition. 

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