Bivalent logic

When a new paradigm is suggested, it is initially ignored by the scientific community. From the various quotes in Section V, it is clear that the need for a departure from classical bivalent logic was expressed by some authors during the first half of this century (Russell, Duhem, Smuts, Black). However, all suggestions advanced by these authors were totally ignored at that time. 

All great scientific theories that were formulated as a universal proposition have sooner or later been falsified (in a technical sense) Kepler < Newton < Einstein is the classical example. So it seems that truth cannot be had in science, for what is true today cannot be false tomorrow. If a statement believed to be true yesterday is actually false, it must be admitted that an erroneous statement was made yesterday - hence it could not have been true yesterday (Popper, 1976 84). Indeed, this notion of truth is governed by bivalent logic and cannot be had in empirical science Wahrheit, Popper, 1979 xxv). 

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