Stachyose hydrolysis

Hydrolysis Rates of Sucrose, Raffinose and Stachyose by Purified Yeast ft-Frudofuranosidase... 

However, GrootWassink and Fleming64 reported a higher rate of hydrolysis of stachyose than raffinose for a commercial preparation of /3-D-fructofuranosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

Very successful experiments were carried out on the oxidation of sucrose, one mole of which needs three moles of periodic acid, with the formation of one mole each of formic acid and a tetraaldehyde. The latter is oxidized by bromine to a tetracarboxylic acid subsequent acid hydrolysis of the oxygen bridges affords a mixture of acids, all of which were isolated and identified. These results brought in 1943 a confirmation of the structure of sucrose which was discussed, and which gained the approval of C. S. Hudson who, before that, was a little doubtful about the furanoid form of the D-fructosyl group. Similar work was done later with trehalose. In the same way, J. . Courtois obtained confirmation of the structure of raffinose, and established that of stachyose. 

A comparative study of the action of yeast invertase on sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose was reported by Adams, Richtmyer and Hudson (see Table V).23 Hydrolysis by invertase has been found to give D-fruc-tose, in each case, and the complementary aldose D-glucose, melibiose, or manninotriose. In general, the same products are formed as in mild acid hydrolysis. 

Comparative Studies of the Enzymic Hydrolysis of Sucrose, Raffinose, and Stachyose,... 

Wada and Yamazaki have reported42 the occurrence in tobacco seeds of a non-reducing trisaccharide isomeric with raffinose, which has now been shown to be identical with planteose.80 French and Wild noted67 the presence of planteose (detected as planteobiose, after mild, acid hydrolysis) in extracts from Teucrium canadense and in ash manna. Since planteose and planteobiose have only recently been recognized as distinct entities, it is likely that planteose may have escaped detection in many other plant sources, where it undoubtedly accompanies raffinose and stachyose. 

Manninotriose is known chiefly as a product of partial acid hydrolysis, or invertase hydrolysis, of stachyose, although it occurs14 in free form,... 

Methylation of stachyose and subsequent hydrolysis, by Onuki,20 gave 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (identified as the crystalline anilide), a tri-O-methyl-D-galactose and a tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (which were converted into the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl derivatives, and characterized as the crystalline anilides), and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-fructose, a sirup which agreed in properties with the authentic material. 

The presence of a sucrose type of linkage between the D-glucose and D-fructose units in stachyose was surmised82 by early workers, on the basis of the ease of hydrolysis of this union by acid or invertase (/3-d-fructofuranosidase). The positive Raybin diazouracil test77 was also considered to be strong supporting evidence for a sucrose linkage. 

A more concrete demonstration28 of the presence of the sucrose linkage in stachyose was afforded by French and associates, who were able to isolate and identify sucrose and raffinose following the partial hydrolysis of stachyose by almond-emulsin a-D-galactopyranosidase. 

If the assumption that the sucrose and raffinose formed are not artifacts but are genuine hydrolysis products of stachyose is permitted, this work provides strong confirmation for the presence of sucrose (and raffinose) units in stachyose. Very recently, Courtois and associates91 have identified crystalline raffinose and sucrose, obtained from stachyose by action of coffee a-D-galactopyranosidase. 

The /3-D-fructofuranosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes the hydrolysis of sugars having a terminal, unsubstituted /3-D-fructo-furanosyl group.389 Most of the studies have been conducted with sucrose or raffinose as the substrate these are cleaved as on p. 184. The relative rates on page 184 have been found for the hydrolysis of sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose by purified /3-D-fructofuranosidases... 

Detection of oligosaccharides (e.g., stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, and fructose) in a soybean extract using invertase hydrolysis of p-o-fructo-fructoside to fructose, and further oxidation of this sugar by hexacyanoferrate (III) ion in the presence of fructose dehydrogenase (FDH). This analysis is based on a coimmobilization of invertase from Candida utilis and FDH from Gluconobacter on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) beads and coulometric quantification of the hexacyanoferrate(II) ions formed. 

Preparation. Manninotriose is most readily obtained by partial hydrolysis of stachyose, either by acid or invertase (14 ). 

Oligosaccharides contain anywhere from three to nine monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides formed mainly from the hydrolysis of starch are known as malto-oligosaccharides. Other oligosaccharides include raffinose (a trisaccharide), stachyose (a tetrasaccharide), and fructo-oligosaccharides (inulins). 

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