Solidification and stabilization

Chao, Stabilization and Solidification of Hazaradous, Radio Active and Mixed Wastes, ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ., STP 1240,... 

The soil-cement mixing wall (SMW) is an in situ technology for the fixation, stabilization, and solidification of soils contaminated with metals and semivolatile organic compounds. SMW can be used to treat soils contaminated with pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phenols, and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to depths of up to 100 ft. The technology uses hollow-stem augers to inject solidification/stabilization agents and blend them with the soil. 

The Stablex process is an ex situ hazardous waste fixation and solidification technology. This technology uses laboratory analyses to select appropriate physical and chemical treatment steps, followed by stabilization and solidification to produce an environmentally secure, nonleachable material. The final Stablex material is placed in landfill cells as a slurry so that it forms a monolith within the cell. 

Allows for treatment with traditional stabilization and solidification equipment. 

Rao, A. J., Pagilla, K. R. Wagh, A. S. 2000. Stabilization and solidification of metal-laden wastes by compaction and magnesium phosphate-based binder. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 50, 1623-1631. 

Cocke DL (1994) Recent advances in stabilization and solidification. Proceedings of the Spring National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. San Diego, CA, pp... 

Isenburg J, Moore M (1992) Generalized acid neutralization capacity test. In Gilliam TM, Wiles CC (eds) Stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes, vol 2. ASTM STP 1123, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 361-377... 

A.S. Wagh, D. Singh, and S.Y. Jeong, Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for stabilization and solidification of mixed wastes, Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001), pp. 6.3.1-6.3.18. 

Inorganic contaminants are immobilized by washing the waste with soluble phosphates. This treatment uses a very small amount of phosphate, does not change other characteristics of the waste such as its granular nature or volume, and is relatively inexpensive. If the waste contains radioactive contaminants, phosphate washing is not sufficient because the dispersibility of the radioactive contaminant powders needs to be reduced, and hence, the waste needs to be solidified. Solidification requires generating phosphate ceramics of the waste in the form of a CBPC. In the case of radioactive waste, both stabilization and solidification are needed because they not only immobilize the contaminants, but also solidify the entire waste. As we will see in this and the next chapter, whether phosphate treatment is used only for stabilization or for both stabilization and solidification, it is very effective for a wide range of waste streams. 

Environmental Aspects of Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes... 

The electrochemical removal of contaminants may not be always possible or practical. For instance, a site may be too polluted to be treated to the acceptable level by any of the technologies, but it is critical to reduce the risk posed by the site contamination. The common approach used for risk reduction is stabilization and solidification (or immobilization) technology. In this approach, contaminants are transformed into a form that does not allow them to be released into the environment. Electrochemical approach may be used to stabilize the contaminated soils at a low cost and it will serve as an interim or pretreatment process to permanent treatment technologies. 

M. Buil, E. Revertegat and J. Oliver, in A Model to the Attack of Pure Water or Undersaturated Lime Solutions on Cement , Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes, Vol. 2, STP 1123 (TM. GiUiam and C.C. Wiles, eds.), ASTM, Philadelphia, (1992) 227. 

Barth, Edwin F., Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes (Pollution Technology Review, No 186), Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1990. 

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