Stability, size-related

Increasing levels of emulsification significantly depleted protein from the fat globule in the mix. The adsorbed protein content in the mix (mg m of fat surface area) correlated with major characteristic analyses describing the fat structure in ice cream (fat agglomerate size, fat agglomeration index, solvent extractable fat Fig. 6). Thus, the measurement of protein load in the mix can be used to predict ice-cream-fat stability and related structure. Structural analyses indicated enhanced interaction between fat and air as protein adsorption decreased. It was also observed that the fat content in the dripped portion collected from a meltdown test correlated well with other indices of fat destabilization. 

Nanoparticles are discrete nanometer (10 m)-scale assemblies of atoms. Thus, they have dimensions between those characteristic of ions (lO m) and those of macroscopic materials. They are interesting because the number of atoms in the particles is small enough, and a large enough fraction of them are at, or near surfaces, to significantly modify the particle s atomic, electronic, and magnetic structures, physical and chemical properties, and reactivity relative to the bulk material. Nanoparticle surfaces themselves may be distinctive. Particles may be terminated by atomic planes or clusters that are not common, or not found, at surfaces of the bulk mineral. These, and other size-related effects will lead to modified phase stability and changes in reaction kinetics. 

In a high-volume-fraction dispersion with electrosteric stabilization of the latex and an increasing dispersed-phase surface area, the high viscosity observed at low shear rates with decreasing latex size relates to electroviscous and hydration effects. Lower surface acid concentrations on some of the smaller latices may also result in partial flocculation of the latex and a higher effective volume fraction in the presence of coalescing aids (22, 26). 

These macrocycles show the highest stability constants known for certain alkali metal ions, and remarkable selectivity. For example, when the ionic diameter (1) for the guest metal cations becomes too large for the preformed cavity no complexation occurs. The three spherands (84)-(86) bind only Na" and Li no binding to could be detected (81). This behaviour is in contrast to that of crowns and cryptands in which size-related peak selectivity is found. 

Another very important carrier for SAMs are gold nanoparticles [37,54] because of their stability and their fascinating aspects associated with individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effects), and their applications in sensors [91] and for biomolecular labelling or as immunoprobes [53,92,93]. 

The foregoing examples are sufficient to show that a broad range of layered compounds are amenable to pillaring. Thus, a vast new group of materials can be synthesized which show promise for use as catalysts, sorbants, ion exchangers, chemical sensors and host of other uses. Before this promise becomes a reality, we need to learn how to control the reactions to obtain pores of specific size and stability and relate structure to the observed properties of the pillared layered materials. 

Fortified rosin can also be converted to high free-rosin emulsions by using various stabilizers. Typically, these are 35% soHds emulsions, which exhibit exceUent stabiHty in relation to storage and mechanical action, such as is found in transfer pumps. Generally, fortified rosin emulsions are more efficient sizes than their soap-based Hquid or paste counterparts. 

The measurement range of a thermistor is dependent on the probe type, typically -100 to +300 °C. The stability is not as good as that of metallic resistances. Thermistors are not standardized like some of the metallic probes. The thermistor has the advantage of a high change of the resistance with temperature. A very wide variety of sizes and shapes and a low price makes them attractive in relation to the metrological performance. 

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