Spin, electr

Isotope Natural abundance (%) Nuclear spin Electric quadrupole moment NMR frequency fora 23.5 kO field (MHz) Relative sensitivity... 

The amount of broadening experienced by alkali metal ions upon binding to a polymer such as Nafion will depend on several factors including nuclear spin, electric quadrupole moment, stability of the hydrated ion, and electronic polarizability. This last factor relates to the ease with which electric field gradients can be produced by binding to an anionic site. Based on the relative change in linewidth upon going from saturation to low water contents, the ions studied so far are related... 

Although there is also no evidence of a quantum limit there is a discontinuity between massive and massless objects to be considered. Why, for instance, does a 7-ray have a shorter wavelength than an electron, but remains massless Although this question cannot be answered there are clear differences between electrons, protons and 7-rays. The first two are fermions with respective negative and positive charges, while 7-rays are neutral bosons. The difference lies in spin, electric charge and mass, as shown in Table 8.2. 

The term orientational glasses is introduced for description of the solids with regular lattice where the part of lattice cites is randomly occupied by spins, electric... 

Despite these considerations, Krems and Dalgamo have pointed out [31] that there is a three-step process by which the electrostatic interaction of the colliding helium atom and the spin-rotation interaction in the molecule can cause spin depolarization. Even though the electrostatic interaction cannot couple to the electron spin, electric fields can mix rotational states. This means that the helium atom can perturb the rotational state distribution from pure N = 0 into a mixture of N states during the collision. In the second step, the spin-rotation interaction can mix in different Ms states from the Af > 0 portion of the rotational eigenstate that is perturbed by the proximity of the helium atom. Finally, the electrostatic interaction between the helium atom and these mixed states has off-diagonal elements in Mj, which lead to spin-depolarization. 

Since atomic nuclei are not perfectly spherical their spin leads to an electric quadnipole moment if I>1 which interacts with the gradient of the electric field due to all surrounding electrons. The Hamiltonian of the nuclear quadnipole interactions can be written as tensorial coupling of the nuclear spin with itself... 

A wide variety of measurements can now be made on single molecules, including electrical (e.g. scanning tunnelling microscopy), magnetic (e.g. spin resonance), force (e.g. atomic force microscopy), optical (e.g. near-field and far-field fluorescence microscopies) and hybrid teclmiques. This contribution addresses only Arose teclmiques tliat are at least partially optical. Single-particle electrical and force measurements are discussed in tire sections on scanning probe microscopies (B1.19) and surface forces apparatus (B1.20). 

When the states P1 and P2 are described as linear combinations of CSFs as introduced earlier ( Fi = Zk CiKK), these matrix elements can be expressed in terms of CSF-based matrix elements < K I eri IOl >. The fact that the electric dipole operator is a one-electron operator, in combination with the SC rules, guarantees that only states for which the dominant determinants differ by at most a single spin-orbital (i.e., those which are "singly excited") can be connected via electric dipole transitions through first order (i.e., in a one-photon transition to which the < Fi Ii eri F2 > matrix elements pertain). It is for this reason that light with energy adequate to ionize or excite deep core electrons in atoms or molecules usually causes such ionization or excitation rather than double ionization or excitation of valence-level electrons the latter are two-electron events. 

Nuclide Natural abundance, % Spin I Sensitivity at constant field relative to NMR frequency for a 1-kG field, Mffz Magnetic moment J-T-1 Electric quadrupole moment Q, 10 m ... 

The direction of the alignment of magnetic moments within a magnetic domain is related to the axes of the crystal lattice by crystalline electric fields and spin-orbit interaction of transition-metal t5 -ions (24). The dependency is given by the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy expression for a cubic lattice (33) ... 

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