Spectrum envelope

In 1976 Moorer [Moorer, 1980b] proposed a machine designed for closed-form [Moorer, 1976] summations. With the exception of the amplitude and spectrum envelope generators, it is a conventional microprogrammed machine with a instruction decoder and input and output bus. The envelope generator allows up to 16 different line segments these are programmed to provide different instrumental timbres. 

In some cases, not the line of pure rotational spectrum itself, but the spectrum envelop of the band shape is of primary interest (e.g., due to the low resolution of the measurement technique). In the conditions under consideration the line shape can be determined by the relation... 

More recently two independent investigations have produced more complex interpretations which differ significantly from each other. In both cases the spectra obtained were found to show broad lines with considerable asymmetry at all compositions. In one instance the spectrum envelope was considered to arise from two overlapping quadrupole doublets [21]. The parameters for these were given as ... 

Since the end-members of the phase are Fe 03 and Fe Ti " 03, the intermediate compositions must contain mixed valence states of iron. As x decreases from 1-0 to about 0-5, the basic six-line spectrum of a-Fc203 is retained, although it is noticeably broadened by the proliferation of site symmetries. At x =0 -33 only a very broad spectrum envelope is seen, and this has been claimed to indicate the presence of ferrimagnetic clusters and general superparamagnetic behaviour [105]. 

The centroid shift in each peptide spectrum relative to the undeuterated profile serves as an initial estimate of the binomial distribution probability, p. The mass spectrum envelope, is described by applying the natural abundance profile to each peak in the binomial distribution. Scaling the highest point of so that it matches provides the initial estimate of the weighting coefficient A. Recursive minimization of finds the optimum coefficients. The optimump is the miz value of the peptide profile, and the degree of deuteration is calculated by comparing the p values with those of the undeuterated and fully deuterated peptides (cf. Eq. 4.2, and let p =m. ... 

Microwave Spectrum Gives the Intemuclear Distance IR Spectrum and Isotopic Effect IR Spectrum Gives the Intemuclear Distance Why We Have a Spectrum Envelope ... 

Since the design time histories meet response spectrum enveloping requirement and power spectral density function requirement and the components of design time histories in each direction are statistically independent, the deisgn time histories are acceptable. The critical damping values are consistent with Reg. Guide 1.61 and ASME Code Case N-411-1. 

Figure 3.16 The desired spectrum envelope of human singing has the appearance of a pattern of hills and valleys , technically called formants...

As for convex models, several useful methods can be used (Ben-Haim and Elishakoff 1990 Ben-Haim et al. 1996 Pantelides and Tzan 1996 Tzan and Pantelides 1996 Baratta et al. 1998). A convex model is defined mathematically as a set of functions. Each function is a realization of an uncertain event. Convex models for ground motion modeling depend on the level of prior information available. Examples are a local energy-bound convex model, an integral energy-bound convex model, an envelope-bound convex model, a Fourier-envelope convex model, and a response-spectrum-envelope convex model (Ben-Haim et al. 1996). One of the merits of the convex... 

The spectral frequency range covered by the central lobe of this sinc fiinction increases as the piilselength decreases. For a spectrum to be undistorted it should really be confined to the middle portion of this central lobe (figure B 1.12.2). There are a number of examples in the literature of solid-state NMR where the resonances are in fact broader than the central lobe so that the spectrum reported is only effectively providing infonnation about the RF-irradiation envelope, not the shape of the signal from the sample itself... 

It has been discovered recently that the spectrum of solutions for growth in a channel is much richer than had previously been supposed. Parity-broken solutions were found [110] and studied numerically in detail [94,111]. A similar solution exists also in an unrestricted space which was called doublon for obvious reasons [94]. It consists of two fingers with a liquid channel along the axis of symmetry between them. It has a parabolic envelope with radius pt and in the center a liquid channel of thickness h. The Peclet number, P = vp /2D, depends on A according to the Ivantsov relation (82). The analytical solution of the selection problem for doublons [112] shows that this solution exists for isotropic systems (e = 0) even at arbitrary small undercooling A and obeys the following selection conditions ... 

Fig. 0.2. (a) The comb spectrum of N2 considered as a quantum rotator. The envelope of the rotational structure of the Q-branch slightly split by the rotovibra-tional interaction is shaded, (b) The depolarized rotovibrational spectrum of N2 at corpuscular density n = 92 amagat, T = 296 K and pressure p = 100 atm. The central peak, reported in a reduced (x30) scale is due to a polarized component [5] (V) experimental (—) best fit. 

The quantum theory of spectral collapse presented in Chapter 4 aims at even lower gas densities where the Stark or Zeeman multiplets of atomic spectra as well as the rotational structure of all the branches of absorption or Raman spectra are well resolved. The evolution of basic ideas of line broadening and interference (spectral exchange) is reviewed. Adiabatic and non-adiabatic spectral broadening are described in the frame of binary non-Markovian theory and compared with the impact approximation. The conditions for spectral collapse and subsequent narrowing of the spectra are analysed for the simplest examples, which model typical situations in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Special attention is paid to collapse of the isotropic Raman spectrum. Quantum theory, based on first principles, attempts to predict the. /-dependence of the widths of the rotational component as well as the envelope of the unresolved and then collapsed spectrum (Fig. 0.4). 

The envelope of the Stark structure of the rotator in a constant orienting field, calculated quantum-mechanically in [17], roughly reproduces the shape of the triplet (Fig. 0.5(c)). The appearance of the Q-branch in the linear rotator spectrum indicates that the axis is partially fixed, i.e. some molecules perform librations of small amplitude around the field. Only molecules with high enough rotational energy overcome the barrier created by the field. They rotate with the frequencies observed in the... 

These results have demonstrated that the biomimetic approach of copying the supramolecular principle of archaeal cell envelopes opens new possibilities for exploiting functional hpid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scales. Moreover, this technology has the potential to initiate a broad spectrum of developments in such areas as sensor technology, diagnostics, biotechnology, and electronic or optical devices. 

Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, CH3CHOH.CH3) has slightly greater bactericidal activity than that of ethanol but is also about twice as toxic. It is less active against viruses, particularly non-enveloped viruses, and should be considered a limited-spectrum virucide. Used at concentrations of 60-70%, it is an acceptable alternative to ethanol for preoperative skin treatment and is also employed as a preservative for cosmetics. 

Figure 4.11. Left Simulated EXAFS spectrum of a dimer such as Cu2, showing that the EXAFS signal is the product of a sine function and a backscattering amplitude F(k) divided by k, as expressed by Eq. (6). Note that F k)/k remains visible as the envelope around the EXAFS signal xW- Right The Cu EXAFS spectrum of a cluster such as CU2O is the sum of a Cu-Cu and a Cu-O contribution. Fourier analysis is the mathematical tool used to...

Spectra of s.o. samples differed markedly from those of a.p. samples and were unaffected by a subsequent evacuation up to 673 K (Fig. 4, a). Spectra consisted of a composite envelope of heavily overlapping bands at 980-1070 cm-, with two weak bands at 874 and 894 cm-. Irrespective of the preparation method, the integrated area (cm- ) of the composite band at 980-1070 cm- was proportional to the V-content up to 3 atoms nm-2. An analysis of spectra by the curve-fitting procedure showed the presence of several V=0 modes. The relative intensity of the various peaks contributing to the composite band depended only on the V-content and did not depend on the method used for preparing the catalysts. Samples with V > 3 atoms nm-2 R-spectra features similar to those of pure V2O5 (spectrum 8 in Fig. 4, a). 

Figure 8.1 (a) Block diagram of the femtosecond near-infrared laser microscope system, (b) Spectrum ofthe light pulse from the Cr F laser, (c) Interferometric autocorrelation trace of SHG signal with envelope curve calculated assuming a chirp-free Gaussian pulse with 35 fs fwhm. 

A series of NFS spectra of the spin-crossover complex [Fe(tpa)(NCS)2] were recorded over a wide temperature range [45]. A selection of spectra around the spin-crossover transition temperature is shown in Fig. 9.13. At 133 K, the regular quantum-beat structure reflects the quadrupole splitting from the pure high-spin (HS) phase, and the envelope of the spectrum represents the dynamical beating with a minimum around 200 ns. Below the transition, at 83 K, the QBs appear with lower frequency because of smaller AEq of the low-spin (LS) phase. Here the minima of... 

NFS spectra recorded at 300 K for -cut and c-cut crystals are shown in Fig. 9.17 [48]. The/factors for the two orientations were derived from the speed-up of the nuclear decay (i.e., from the slope of the time-dependent intensity in Fig. 9.17a and from the slope of the envelope in Fig. 9.17b). The factors obtained f ( P = 0.122 (10) and f = 0.206(10) exhibit significant anisotropic vibrational behavior of iron in GNP. This anisotropy in f is the reason for the observed asymmetry in the line intensity of the quadrupole doublet (in a conventional Mossbauer spectrum in the energy domain) of a powder sample of GNP caused by the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect [49]. 

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