Specific balance yield

The ratio of the above indices, called specific balance yield, is a measure of the raw material efficiency ... 

Eliminating all surface forces except those that cause expansion or contraction, because a simple system has no gradients or shaft work (i.e., the work of a turbine or a pump) and neglecting Ek and Ep changes by taking the system s center of mass as the frame of reference, the energy balance takes a specific simple form. The energy balance yields... 

For aromatics production, similar considerations apply. Maximum yields of xylenes and other heavy aromatics can be obtained in cyclic units, but, again, at somewhat higher investments. The process selection, thus, again requires the balancing of process credits versus debits for the specific application. For light aromatics (benzene-toluene) production, however, the situation tends to favor a... 

Reactor Performance Measures. There are four common measures of reactor performance fraction unreacted, conversion, yield, and selectivity. The fraction unreacted is the simplest and is usually found directly when solving the component balance equations. It is a t)/oo for a batch reaction and aout/ciin for a flow reactor. The conversion is just 1 minus the fraction unreacted. The terms conversion and fraction unreacted refer to a specific reactant. It is usually the stoichiometrically limiting reactant. See Equation (1.26) for the first-order case. 

The only respect in which the hot atom chemistry of organometallic compounds has so far been applied to other fields of study is in the area of isotope enrichment. Much of this has been done for isolation of radioactive nuclides from other radioactive species for the purpose of nuclear chemical study, or for the preparation of high specific activity radioactive tracers. Some examples of these applications have been given in Table II. The most serious difficulty with preparation of carrier-free tracers by this method is that of radiolysis of the target compound, which can be severe under conditions suited to commercial isotope production, so that the radiolysis products dilute the enriched isotopes. A balance can be struck in some cases, however, between high yield and high specific activity (19, 7J),... 

The net ionic equation, like all balanced chemical equations, gives the ratio of moles of each substance to moles of each of the others. It does not immediately yield information about the mass of the entire salt, however. (One cannot weigh out only Ba2+ ions.) Therefore, when masses of reactants are required, the specific compound used must be included in the calculation. The use of net ionic equations in stoichiometric calculations will be more important after study of molarity (Chap. 10). 

Ni is Avogadro s number, / the particle friction coefficient, u the velocity and v the partial specific volume of the solute [79,80]. Inertial forces are negligible and the balancing of the above forces yields the sedimentation coefficient ... 

Discovery of the hydrated electron and pulse-radiolytic measurement of specific rates (giving generally different values for different reactions) necessitated consideration of multiradical diffusion models, for which the pioneering efforts were made by Kuppermann (1967) and by Schwarz (1969). In Kuppermann s model, there are seven reactive species. The four primary radicals are eh, H, H30+, and OH. Two secondary species, OH- and H202, are products of primary reactions while these themselves undergo various secondary reactions. The seventh species, the O atom was included for material balance as suggested by Allen (1964). However, since its initial yield is taken to be only 4% of the ionization yield, its involvement is not evident in the calculation. 

For adsorption at the IHP, mass action and material balance equations could be set up for specifically adsorbed ions yielding equations similar to those for the surface plane... 

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