Species associated with mobile protons

A more realistic approach is a separation of a mixture of free molecules and structural units linked to the network by single bonds, after these bonds have been cleaved by heat treatment of the coal. An insight into the composition of such mixture can provide information on the nature of species that are likely to be associated with the mobile protons. It seems that pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry can be used in order to attain this goal. 

The further anomaly in all measurements is that the electron appears to have an extra mobility over that normally associated with anionic or cationic species. This behavior resembles that associated with the solvated proton in aqueous solutions. 

These macrocyclic ethers assume a crown-like shape in solution with a central cavity capable of containing a small solute. They bind to small cationic species through association with the electron-rich oxygens of the ether linkage. Chiral crown ethers (Fig. 31) serve as selectors for enantiomeric amines in the protonated state. They have been used as mobile-phase... 

The properties of polymer electrolyte membranes change with the cation associated with the sulfonic acid sites. The conductivity of the membrane decreases when larger cations replace the protons. Other cations are at least four times less mobile than protons. The mobility of multivalent cations is lower than monovalent cations at similar molecular weight, but this is somewhat offset by the fact that multivalent ions carry more than one charge per molecule. The cationic composition also affects other properties of the polymer electrolyte membrane. Nonproton forms of the membrane do not hold as much water as the protonic form. In addition, the electroosmotic drag of water by other cations is greater than that by protons. Parameters for membranes equilibrated with several cationic species and mixtures of species have been measured and reported in the literature [2-4]. 

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