Southern Hemisphere Research

A globally based measurement network for atmospheric Hg does not exist. Longterm measurements of TGHg have, however, been performed at some land-based stations. Data from remote marine sites are mainly available from research cruises. Recently, Slemr et al. (2003) compiled TGHg data from a number of permanent stations and oceanic cruises for the northern and southern hemispheres (Figure 2.7). Although the data set is incomplete, a peak in TGHg concentrations seems to have... 

Scientific evidence of the environmental impacts of organic farming for the Southern hemisphere is rare. More research on the environmental services and benefits or impacts of organic farming is urgently needed. 

Scholes, R. J., D. Ward, and C. O. Justice. 1996. Emissions of trace gases and aerosol particles due to vegetation burning in southern-hemisphere Africa, Journal of Geophysical Research 101 23677-23682. 

There are several areas of research on humic substances in peatlands that should be pursued. Data on the chemistry of tropical and southern hemisphere peats are very scanty. We need to study the chemistry of the peatforming plants of these areas, as well as the more highly decomposed peats of tropical regions such as Malaysia and Indonesia. 

Colleagues at CSIRO Atmospheric Research and the CRC for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology have contributed greatly to the results and perspectives aired here. Paul Steele provided valuable comments on this manuscript. We thank the IAEA and WMO... 

CRC for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology, CIR O Atmospheric Research Asperdiile, Australia... 

Reviews Microbiology 4,102-112. Moncalvo, J.M., Buchanan, P.K. (2008). Molecular evidence for long distance dispersal across the southern hemisphere in the Ganoderma applanatum-australe species complex (Basidiomycota). Mycological Research 112, 425-436. 

On the cruise of the Shackleton to Antarctica, Lovelock had detected the presence of the manmade chlorofluorocarbon CClgF in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Rowland knew that this compound, inert at lower altitudes, would hkely not remain so once it was exposed to the solar photochemistry of the stratosphere and decided this might make an interesting research project. 

Tasch P (1987) Fossil conchostracans of the southern hemisphere and continental drift. Geological Society of America, Memoir 165. Boulder, CO, pp 1—290 Tasch P, Gifford EL Jr (1984) Central Transantarctic Mountains nonmarine deposits. In Turner MD, Splettstoesser IF (eds) Geology of the Central Transantarctic Mountains. Antarctic Research Series, vol. 36. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 75-96... 

Fraser PJ, Oram DE, Reeves CE, Penkett SA, and McCulloch A (1999) Southern hemispheric halon trends (1978-1998) and global halon emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 15985-15999. 

FIGURE 9 Seasonal climatology of planetary wave temperature amplitude (K) at 50 mb ( 21 km). Note the large amplitudes throughout Northern Hemisphere winter. In the Southern Hemisphere, wave amplitudes remain relatively small until late winter. [Data courtesy of W. Randel, National Center for Atmospheric Research.]... 

Most of the recent efforts to develop uses for the condensed tannins have centered on their application in wood adhesives. Reviews by Pizzi (182, 186) and others (15, 78, 87, 93, 208) provide references to several hundred papers and patents on this subject. Despite world-wide research efforts on other sources of tannins, particularly since the 1972-1973 petroleum shortage, the mimosa or wattle tannins extracted from the bark of black wattle Acacia mearnsii) remain the major source of condensed tannins exploited commercially for adhesive manufacture. Of the approximately 100000 tons of wattle tannin produced annually, only about 10000 tons are used in wood adhesives, predominantly in South Africa but also in Australia and New Zealand (186). The extensive use of wattle tannins by the wood products industry of South Africa is impressive indeed, as these tannins have partly replaced phenol and resorcinol usage in adhesives for bonding of particleboard, plywood, and laminated timbers (182, 186, 213). Three factors have contributed to the success in use of wattle tannin-based adhesives, namely the comparatively high costs of phenol and resorcinol in the Southern Hemisphere, their resorcinolic functionality and low molecular weight and, perhaps most importantly, the commitment by the research and industrial communities of these countries to reduce the reliance of the forest products industry on petroleum-based adhesives. 

In clean marine air at Cape Grim in Tasmania, Galbally et al. monitored methanol, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, acetone, isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone/methacrolein, methyl ethyl ketone and benzene at 104 m above sea level over a 14-day period in the late summer of February 2006 [111]. The concentrations of acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and benzene in the marine air were found to be significantly less (by approximately a factor of four) than had been previously reported for a remote tropical ocean site in the northern hemisphere. The researchers attributed this to the fact that there is less land and therefore reduced biomass burning in the southern hemisphere. 

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