South Dakota, elements

The stable form of Cs-133 is the 48th most abundant element on Earth, but because it is so reactive, it is always in compound form. The Earths crust contains only about 7 ppm of Cs-133. Like the other alkali metals, it is found in mixtures of complex minerals. Its main source is the mineral pollucite (CsAlSi Og). It is also found in lepidohte, a potassium ore. Pollucite is found in Maine, South Dakota, Manitoba, and Elba and primarily in Rhodesia, South Africa. 

Experimental studies soon confirmed all these expectations. The most powerful tool in achieving these results was the cyclotron. Ernest O. Lawrence, its inventor, was born in Canton, South Dakota, on August 8, 1901. He was educated at St. Olaf College and the University of South Dakota, and did graduate work in physics at Minnesota, Chicago, and Yale. The latter university gave him his doctorate in 1925. He remained at Yale until 1928, and was then called to the University of California at Berkeley, where he still remains as Director of the Radiation Laboratory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939. It was due to Lawrence and the cyclotron that California became the outstanding center for the synthesis of new elements, which it still remains (I). 

The present paper is based on the author s study (1) funded by the U. S. Bureau of Mines which, however, is not responsible for the views expressed or the conclusions reached. The time element has been subdivided into three discrete points and a period. The points include current output levels, for use as a base line, 1985 and 1990. The period encompasses the decade from 1990. This reflects the increasing unreliability of the estimates as the projection is extended. Because sulfur markets tend to be discrete and sulfur sources tend to be geographically differentiated regional supply projections are required. The definition chosen here is the Petroleum Administration for Defense districts. [These are defined as I - Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. II - Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. 

VANADINITE. The mineral vanadimte corresponds to the formula Pb VO Cl, being composed of lead chloride and lead vanadate in the proportion of 90.2% of the former and 9.8% of the latter. It crystallizes in the hexagonal system, is usually prismatic, but the ciystals are often skeletal or cavernous it may be found in crusts. Its fracture is uneven brittle hardness. 2.75-3 specific gravity. 6.86 fresh fractures show a resinous luster color, yellow, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, and red streak, white to yellowish translucent to opaque. Vanadinite, not a common mineral, occurs as an alteration product in lead deposits. It is found in the Ural Mountains, Austria, Spain, Scotland, Morocco, the Transvaal, Argentina, and Mexico, In the United States it occurs in Arizona, New Mexico, and South Dakota, It is used as an ore of vanadium and to some extent of lead as well. It is interesting to note that this mineral was first described as a chromate upon its discovery in Mexico in 1801, It was not until the discovery of the element vanadium in 1830 that the true nature of this compound was known. 

Dahl, P. S., Wehn, D. C. Feldman, S. G. (1993) The systematics of trace-element partitioning between coexisting muscovite and biotite in pelitic schists from the Black Hills, South Dakota. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, (in press). 

Nabelek P. 1. (1999) Trace element distribution among rockforming minerals in Black Hills migmatites. South Dakota a case for solid-state equilibrium. Am. Mineral. 84, 1256-1269. 

The ability of 18 different montmorillonites to catalyze the oligomerization of the 5 -phosphorimidazolide of adenosine (ImpA) was explored 28). Those montmorillonites found to generate oligomers 8 mers or longer were designated excellent catalysts . Five of these 18 montmorillonites are excellent catalysts and are in the Wyoming class of montmorillonites. They all have similar elemental analyses and were obtained from deposits in South Dakota and Wyoming. 

In South Dakota, most of the fish collected from the Cheyenne River arm of Lake Oahe in 1970 contained elevated (>0.5 mg/kg FW muscle) concentrations of mercury. Elemental mercury was used extensively in this region between 1880 and 1970 to extract gold from ores and is considered to be the source of the contamination. In 1970, when the use of mercury in the gold recovery process was discontinued at this site, liquid wastes containing 5.5-18.0 kg of mercury were being discharged daily into the Cheyeime River arm. 

Lawrence, Ernest O. (1901-1958) A South Dakota-born physicist and teacher, Lawrence researched the photoelectric effect of electrons at Yale. In 1928, he became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he invented the cyclotron particle accelerator, for which he was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics. During World War II, he was involved in the Manhattan Project Lawrence popularized science and was a staunch advocate for government funding of significant scientific projects. After his death, laboratories at the University of California and the chemical element lawrencium were named in his honor. 

---