Sonochemistry with electrochemistry

However, it is only recently that the potential benefits of combining sonochemistry with electrochemistry have increasingly been studied. It should be noted that electrochemical methods, mainly electrodeposition, are well established for the preparation of metals and semiconductor nanomaterials (for a review see Mastai et al. [146]). 

With the growth of PTC, various new technologies have been developed where PTC has been combined with other methods of rate enhancement. In some cases, rate enhancements much greater than the sum of the individual effects are observed. Primary systems studied involving the use of PTC with other rate enhancement techniques include the use of metal co-catalysts, sonochemistry, microwaves, electrochemistry, microphases, photochemistry, PTC in single electron transfer (SET) reactions and free radical reactions, and PTC reactions carried out in a supercritical fluid. Applications involving the use of a co-catalyst include co-catalysis by surfactants (Dolling, 1986), alcohols and other weak acids in hydroxide transfer reactions (Dehmlow et al., 1985,1988), use of iodide (traditionally considered a catalyst poison, Hwu et... 

PTC has been used along with a number of other rate-enhancing techniques such as sonochemistry, microwaves, electrochemistry, microphases, photochemistry, and supercritical fluids. Other (less known and only marginally combinatorial) strategies include the use of cocatalysts (Dolling, 1986 Dehmiow et al., 1985, 1988) and dual PT catalysts (Szabo et al., 1987 Tsanov et al., 1995 Savelova and... 

The term sonochemistry is used to describe a subject which uses sound energy to affect chemical processes and the terminology is in keeping with that of the longer established methods such as electrochemistry (the use of electricity to achieve chemical activation). These older technologies require some special attribute of the system being activated in order to produce an effect e. g. the use of microwaves (dipolar species), electrochemistry (conducting medium) and photochemistry (the presence of a chromophore) whereas sonochemistry requires only the presence of a liquid to produce its effects. 

Instrumentation for combining MW dielectric heat with sonochemistry, UV irradiation, and electrochemistry has been developed in recent years, and the subject has been reviewed by Roberts and Strauss. ... 

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