SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

EXERCISE 2.14 Relating the Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds 

The compoimds consist entirely of nonmetals, so they are molecular rather than ionic. Using the prefixes in Table 2.6, we have (a) sulfur dioxide, (b) phosphorus pentachloride, (c) dichlorine trioxide. 

Give the name for each of the following binary compoimds of carbon (a) CS2, (b) CO, 

Give the chemical formulas for (a) silicon tetrabromide, (b) disulfur dichloride, 

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. In the simplest class of hydrocarbons, alkanes, each carbon is bonded to four other atoms. The three smallest alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane (C2Hg), and propane (C3H8). The structural formulas of these three alkanes are as follows  

The study of compounds of carbon is called organic chemistry, and as noted earlier, compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often in combination with oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements, are called organic compounds. We will examine organic compounds in Chapter 24, but here we present a brief introduction to some of the simplest organic compounds. 

Although hydrocarbons are binary molecular compounds, they are not named like the binary inorganic compounds discussed in Section 2.8. Instead, each alkane has a name that ends in -ane. The alkane with four carbons is called butane. For alkanes with five or more carbons, the names are derived from prefixes like those in Table 2.6. An alkane with eight carbon atoms, for example, is octane (CsHig), where the octa- prefix for eight is combined with the -ane ending for an alkane. 

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Figure 9-41 Proton nmr spectra and integrals for some simple organic compounds at 60 MHz relative to TMS, 0.00 ppm. See Exercise 9-36.

SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS We introduce organic chemistry, the chemistry of the element carbon. 

Naming Inorganic Compounds Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections 2.8 and 2.9)... 

Sample Problem 10.1 lets you practice naming some simple organic compounds. 

Note that some of the metals frequently encountered in simple organic compounds give characteristic flame colorations Na, yellow K, lilac through blue glass Ca, brick-red Ba, apple-green Cu, bright blue-green. Ag and Pb, no characteristic flame. 

It is now believed that many of our useful drugs exert their beneficial action by the inhibition of enzyme activity in bacteria. Some bacteria, such as staphylococcus, require for their growth the simple organic compound poraaminobenzoic... 

Before I proceed with the discussion of the dediazoniation mechanism, it is necessary to spend some paragraphs considering the definition of the term crisis as used by Kuhn. As already discussed in Section 8.3 the crisis was terminated by the experiments which demonstrated that the first step in Scheme 9-2 is reversible (mechanism B), or in other words that a simple organic compound, the phenyl cation, does react with N2 molecules. 

There are millions of organic compounds many consist of highly intricate molecules, so their names can be very complicated. You could, for example, find yourself asking for ct-D-glucopyranosyl(l—>2)-(3-D-fructofuranose when all you wanted was sucrose (sugar). However, for most of this text, we will need to know only a few simple organic compounds, and this section will introduce some of them. Chapters 18 and 19 present a more complete introduction to the nomenclature of organic compounds. 

It should also be mentioned that some compounds of relatively low toxicity act as physical poisons, although such pollutants are seldom important in ecotoxicology. They have no known specific mode of action, but if they reach relatively high concentrations in cellular structures, for example, manbranes, they can disturb cellular processes. Examples include certain ethers and esters, and other simple organic compounds. 

As described in Section 4.1.2, electrophilic organic compounds are reducible at the electrode. Some reducible organic compounds are listed in Table 8.5 with the potentials of the first reduction step in dipolar aprotic solvents. As described in Ref. [47], organic compotinds undergo various complicated electrode reductions. Here, however, only simple but typical cases are considered they are reductions of the outer sphere type and the dissociative electron transfer reactions. 

Carbon forms many millions of compounds, most of which are classified as organic-, only CO, C02, CaC03, HCN, CaC2, and a handful of others are considered to be inorganic. The distinction is a historical one rather than a scientific one, though, as discussed in more detail in Chapter 23. For the present, we ll look only at some simple inorganic compounds of carbon. 

Many types of organic compounds exhibit characteristic mass spectral behaviour, a knowledge of which is useful in the interpretation of their spectra. The following section provides an introduction to the interpretation of mass spectra of simple organic compounds but readers should consult the texts listed in the references.4 Some caution is needed in the application of this information since... 

It is unfortunate that there are no other simple organic compounds of fluorine for which AHf is known. Some indication may, however, be obtained from j3-fluoroethanol GH2F. GH2OH, the heat of formation of which has been determined by combustion. From this we deduce (G-F)=95 kcal, in agreement with the value obtained from the lower heat of atomization of carbon tetrafluoride. This is not completely certain, however, since the heat of formation of this compound may not be reliably known. Nevertheless, under the circumstances we must prefer (G-F) = 94 kcal. 

Examples of simple organic compounds—methane, a component in natural gas ethanol, the alcohol in beer and wine and trichloroflouromethane, a refrigerant and aerosol propellant implicated in ozone destruction Some complex organic compounds that are useful dmgs—the antibiotic amoxicillin, the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac), and AZT, a drug used to treat HTV... 

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