Some Historical Notes

In this chapter, we shall survey some of the most outstanding properties of liquid water. We shall begin with some historical notes on the earlier theories of water and aqueous solutions, and end this chapter with some notes on the relevance of the outstanding properties of water to life. To understand liquid water, it is necessary to be familiar with the properties of water in the gaseous phase, as well as in the solid phase. We shall briefly review these systems in Secs. 1.2 and 1.3. The outstanding properties of liquid water will be described in Secs. 1.4 through 1.6. 

In this chapter, we shall survey some of the outstanding properties of pure water in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases. We shall discuss only equilibrium thermodynamic quantities. Properties of aqueous solutions are deferred to Chapters 3 and 4. 

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A Some historical notes on colloid and surface chemistry... 

Thomas K. Sherwood and C. E. Reed, Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939 William R. Marshall and Robert L. Pigford, The Application of Differential Equations to Chemical Engineering Problems, University of Delaware, Newark, 1947 A. B. Newman, Temperature Distribution in Internally Heated Cylinders, Trans. AlChE 24,44-53 (1930) T. B. Drew, Mathematical Attacks on Forced Convection Problems A Review, Trans. AlChE 26,26-79 (1931) Arvind Varma, Some Historical Notes on the Use of Mathematics in Chemical Engineering, pp. 353-387 in W. F. Furter, ed., A Century of Chemical Engineering [17]. 

A.Varma, Some Historical Notes on the Use of Mathematics in Chemical Engineering, in W.F. Furter (Ed.), A Century of Chemical Engineering, Plenum Press, New York, 1982. 

In 1996 the decision was taken to modernise the lead refining plant to increase production and to allow a wider range of feed materials to be treated. Some historical notes, the reasons leading up to the refinery modernisation and a brief description of the process to be installed have been previously documented (1). 

In Secs. 2.3 and 2.4, we turn to a thorough discussion of the MM approach to water. We shall start with some historical notes, present an example of a successful two-structure model, then proceed to the exact MM approach and some of its applications. 

This section presents various aspects of the mixture-model approach to the theory of water. We start with some historical notes in Sec. 2.3.1, and then proceed with one very simple representative of the MM approach due to Wada (1961). Although this model was successful in reproducing some of the anomalies of liquid water, it suffers from two serious drawbacks. One is the question of the validity of the specific MM approach used in the theory, and the second is the validity of the assumption of the ideality of the mixture. We shall discuss these problems in Sec. 2.3.3, where an exact MM is developed. We show that the assumption of ideality, though inconsistent with the requirement of a successful MM, is not essential to the interpretation of the properties of water. 

This book is organized into four chapters. The first includes some historical notes and a survey of the main outstanding properties of water. The second chapter presents the theories that have contributed to our understanding of liquid water. Chapter 3 is devoted to extremely dilute solutions of simple solutes in water. This chapter is strictly concerned with the solvation properties of a single solute in pure liquid water. Chapter 4 is an extension of Chapter 3. It contains a discussion of slightly more concentrated aqueous solutions, where pairwise correlations between two solutes are the main subject of interest. 

Baldwin, D. W. C., Jr. (lOCtl). Some historical notes on interdisciplinary and professional education and practice in health care in the USA. Journal of Interprofessiotuil Care, 2J(1), 23-37. 

To give a complete review of the historical background [6] of inorganic membranes is beyond the scope of this chapter. Nevertheless, we think that some historical notes should be of interest to make understandable to the reader the initial steps and... 

It is worth noting some historical aspects in relation to the instrumentation for observing phosphorescence. Harvey describes in his book that pinhole and the prism setup from Newton were used by Zanotti (1748) and Dessaignes (1811) to study inorganic phosphors, and by Priestley (1767) for the observation of electroluminescence [3], None of them were capable of obtaining a spectrum utilizing Newton s apparatus that is, improved instrumentation was required for further spectroscopic developments. Of practical use for the observation of luminescence were the spectroscopes from Willaston (1802) and Frauenhofer (1814) [13]. 

Students conceptions of combustion ( SOMETHING is going up into the air ) amazingly account for parts of the historic Phlogiston Theory. Through identical observations, parallels have been noted between the beliefs of today s youth and many of the ancient scientists. It makes sense to study the development of some historic theoretical themes and examine how they are deep-rooted in science ... 

Note that the name of this enzyme is simply the name of the substrate with the ending -ase added. With the exception of some historical common names, the general ending for the name of an enzyme is -ase. For instance, lactose is the substrate... 

SOME BRIEF HISTORICAL NOTES IN CONNEXION WITH TERMINOLOGY ... 

Some brief historical notes in connection with terminology.485... 

In this book, authors names are usually quoted in the main text only when their work is of historical note or of outstanding importance. Apart from these names listed in the text and those in the primary references, extensive lists of members of the now vast army of contributors to phosphorus chemistry, will be found in the reviews, special articles and general works cited at the end of each chapter. Included are references to some 25 publications by the present author. 

It is also important to note that the distribution of the common ion(s) accounts for the potential difference established at the liquid/liquid interface. Diffusion potentials can also play a part, but the potential differences derived in the above expressions are equilibrium values arising because of the differences in solvation of the participating ions. As a historical note, some of the earliest experiments on immiscible electrolyte phases were performed with the aim of establishing transport numbers of ions, using a variant of the concentration cell, with an immiscible liquid separating the two aqueous phases (33). 

TABLE 3—Properties of some historic Roman cement mortars mean values of 3-5 readings and deviation in case of cast mortars, where samples from two different casts had been measured. Values are not corrected for deviations of sample size (note the comments in the methods section). 

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