Some Common Hydrocarbons

The flammability limits of a hydrocarbon depend on its chemical nature and its molecular weight. Table 4.14 gives values for some common hydrocarbons. 

Table 4.18 shows the solubility trend for some common hydrocarbons. 

For example, the lower flammability limit of methane in air at sea level is a concentration (by volume or partial pressure) of about 5%. The upper flammability limit is about 15% by volume or partial pressure. Heavier hydrocarbons tend to have lower LFLs. The LFL and UFL of some common hydrocarbons are given in Table B-2. 

TABLE 9.5 Formulas and Names for Some Common Hydrocarbons... 

Table 72.7 Propagation reactions of oxidation and corresponding value of the rate constant iki) at ambient temperature in some common hydrocarbon polymers polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polybutadiene (PBD) and polyisoprene (PIP)...

Table 3.7 lists some common hydrocarbons, their names, and their uses. 

Figure 5.4 shows the minimum amount of nitrogen or carbon dioxide that must be added to air to suppress flammability of some common hydrocarbons. 

The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons that contain only the elements of carbon and hydrogen. All the carbon-to-carbon bonds in a hydrocarbon known as an alkane are single C—C bonds. Some common hydrocarbons include methane (CH4), propane (CsHg), and butane (C4Hio)-... 

Abbreviations for Ligand Names. Except for certain hydrocarbon radicals, for ligand (L) and metal (M), and a few with H, all abbreviations are in lowercase letters and do not involve hyphens. In formulas, the ligand abbreviation is set off with parentheses. Some common abbrevia-... 

Despite the nnmber of existing stndies on detonation over the past decades, it is nnfortnnate that, apart from the most common hydrocarbon fnels and hydrogen, the ability to predict detonation limits is still virtnally nonexistent. Nettleton (1987) does present some eqnations for estimating... 

Heat is produced by chemical reaction in a reaction zone. The heat is transported, mainly by conduction and molecular diffusion, ahead of the reaction zone into a preheating zone in which the mixture is heated, that is, preconditioned for reaction. Since molecular diffusion is a relatively slow process, laminar flame propagation is slow. Table 3.1 gives an overview of laminar burning velocities of some of the most common hydrocarbons and hydrogen. 

K-factors for vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios are usually associated with various hydrocarbons and some common impurities as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide [48]. The K-factor is the equilibrium ratio of the mole fraction of a component in the vapor phase divided by the mole fraction of the same component in the liquid phase. K is generally considered a function of the mixture composition in which a specific component occurs, plus the temperature and pressure of the system at equilibrium. 

The composition of some common fets end oils. Fatty acids provide the R. R, and R" hydrocarbon residues in the general structure of a fat or oil shown in the text. Fats and oils all contain a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated. and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

The chain and branched chain saturated hydrocarbons make up a family called the alkanes. Some saturated hydrocarbons with five carbon atoms are shown in Figure 18-11. The first example, containing no branches, is called normal-pentane or, briefly, n-pentane. The second example has a single branch at the end of the chain. Such a structural type is commonly identified by the prefix iso- . Hence this isomer is called /50-pentane. The third example in Figure 18-11 also contains five carbon atoms but it contains the distinctive feature of a cyclic carbon structure. Such a compound is identified by the prefix cyclo in its name—in the case shown, cyclopentane. 

Chemicals that possess a common structural feature are called congeners. Some common examples are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), poly-brominated diphenylethers (PBDE) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). The common features... 

DNAPLs are mainly liquid hydrocarbons such as chlorinated solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar wastes, and pesticides. Table 18.7 lists some common such chemicals.81... 

Spectrum of solid can also be obtained from a mull or paste. Some commonly used mulling reagents are (/ ) nujol (/ / ) hexachlorobutadiene or (iii) chlroflurocarbon oil etc. Nujol is the most commonly used reagent which is a mixture of liquid paraffinic hydrocarbons of high molecular weights. Solid samples can also be examined in solutions... 

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