Solvent solvating

The ions in solution are subject to two types of forces those of interaction with the solvent (solvation) and those of electrostatic interaction with other ions. The interionic forces decrease as the solution is made more dilute and the mean distance between the ions increases in highly dilute solutions their contribution is small. However, solvation occurs even in highly dilute solutions, since each ion is always surrounded by solvent molecules. This implies that the solvation energy, which to a first approximation is independent of concentration, is included in the standard chemical potential and has no influence on the activity. 

Polar protic solvents solvate cations and anions effecttively. 

Supercritical regime, 11 756 Supercritical solvents, solvation properties of, 14 80-81... 

The paper contains several innovations in the interpretation of polarographic reduction potentials, Eyi. One is the recognition that the Eyi obtained in the presence of base-electrolytes is not that of an isolated, solvent-solvated cation, but of one which is part of an ion-pair or of a higher aggregate. A practically useful innovation is to use the Em of the triphenylmethylium ion as the zero of the potential scale in all solvents. By means of this device one can compare a wide range of Ey2 differences in different solvents, and it is especially useful because that ion is stable in strongly acidic media in which the commonly used marker ferrocene decomposes. 

To clarify what is implied, it must be understood that the propagators considered below include cations complexed by the solvent (solvated) P+ Sv, and cations complexed by the monomer through its double bond, P+ M and that the principal non-propagators are cations complexed by an aromatic ring or a hetero-atom in the monomer, P+ G. 

The situation would be completely different for oxycarbenium ions in a highly polar solvent such as sulphur dioxide which could compete effectively as solvating agent with the DCA and their polymers. In such systems one could envisage that both the solvent-solvated oxycarbenium ions and also the solvent-solvated teJt.-oxonium ions could coexist in a true equilibrium, and that each would react according to its own characteristics. This is an area which remains very largely unexplored, although Penczek has made a start in this direction and these considerations arose from discussions with him of his exploratory experiments with sulphur dioxide as solvent. 

MOLECULAR SIEVE INCIDENTS ethylene ORGANIC POWDER HANDLING PEROXIDES IN SOLVENTS SOLVATED OXOSALT INCIDENTS Cadmium propionate, 2418 Calcium acetylide Methanol Diazomethane Calcium sulfate, 0406 3,5 -Dinitrotoluamide... 

Cation-radicals of naphthalene and its homologues, pyrene, or perylene react with NOj" ion in AN, giving electron-transfer products, that is, ArH and NOj. The latter radical is not very active in these reactions and nitration takes place only with extremely reactive compounds such as perylene (Eberson and Radner 1985, 1986). This mechanism is seemingly distinctive of compounds with E° less or equal to 1 V in AN (or in other solvents solvating NOj ions sparingly). 

MOLECULAR SIEVE INCIDENTS Ethylene ORGANIC POWDER HANDLING PEROXIDES IN SOLVENTS SOLVATED OXOSALT INCIDENTS... 

Extraction by solvation involves the displacement of some or all of the water molecules in the coordination sphere of a metal complex by neutral organic donors, conferring high solubility in water-immiscible solvents. Solvating extractants are typically ethers, ketones, or neutral phosphorus(V) molecules containing P=0 units, e.g. the extraction of uranium(VI) from nitrate solutions by tri- -butyl phosphate (TBP). 

It is well established that acid-base equilibria and consequently pXa values can be subject to considerable variations in dependence of environment, namely, the polarity and dielectric constant of the solvent, solvation properties, and so on. This aspect is of particular significance in biological processes that occur at the interface of water and biomolecule aggregates. For example, variations in pXa values of amino acid side chains in proteins as well as local conditions in the... 

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