Solvay Co.

The authors wish to thank their coworkers from the Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Electronique, and the Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique Appliquee for their collaboration. Gifts of samples and fruitful discussions are aknowledged from Prof. Zambelli (Milano) and Dr. Gobillon (Solvay Co.). J.J.Pireaux is indebted to the Fonds National de La Recherche Scientifique for financial support. 

Solvay Co. (alkali products caustic soda, etc.) [Belgian Solvay] 300 ... 

The wood flour pjartides of 425 microns (40-mesh) in size were kindly donated by American Wood fibers (Schofield, WI) and are constituted predominantly with p>onderosa pine, maple, oak, spruce, southern yellow pine, cedar. The wood was oven dried at 100°C for 24 h before processing to remove moisture. The isotactic polypropylene matrix (PP) has a density of 0.9 g/cm and a melt flow index of 2.5 g/10 min, it was provided by Solvay Co. Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (MAPP) with an approximate maleic anhydride (MA) content of 3 wt. % was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI). All ingredients were used as received. 

Vinylidene fluoride (VF2) as well as vinyl fluoride (VF) resemble more ethylene than other vinyl monomers in regard to the properties and can also be polymerized in a manner analogous to that of ethylene. The first successful polymerization of vinylidene fluoride was reported by Du Pont in 1948 [517]. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2 or PVDF) is commercially available from various companies (Kureha Chemical Co., Pennalt Chemicals Corp., Solvay Co., Siiddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG now Degussa, Diamond Shamrock, Du Pont) since 1965 under the trade names KF, Kynar, Foraflon, Vidar, and Dalvor, respectively. VF2 can be polymerized by free-radical initiators to give high-molar-mass, crystalline polymers. 

Because of its excekent combination of properties, processibkity, and relatively low price compared to other fluoropolymers, PVDF has become the largest volume fluoropolymer after PTFE consumption in the United States has grown from zero in 1960 to about 6200 metric tons in 1991 (186). About 49% of the consumed volume is PVDF modified by copolymerization with 5—12-wt % HFP to enhance flexibkity. In 1992, Hst price for homopolymer powders was 15.32/kg, and for pekets 15.42/kg the reported market price was 14.09—14.22/kg (187). In the United States, almost ak PVDF is suppHed by Ausimont USA, Inc., Elf Atochem North America, Inc., and Solvay Polymers, Inc. Ausimont and Elf Atochem are producers Solvay is an importer of the resin. Smak amounts of resin are imported from Germany by Huls America, Inc, and from Japan by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. PVDE producers and their trademarks are Hsted in Table 4. 

Georgy Barsamyan, Samsung Coming Co., Ltd., Dong-Suwon, Kyeongii-Do, Korea 442-600. Present address Solvay S.A. Moscow Office, Moscow 123310, Russia... 

Sodium carbonate (Na CO ) is the eleventh most used industrial chemical in the United States. It is commonly used as a bleaching agent and is manufactured in a two-step process. First, ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to form sodium chloride and water, which reacts to form sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride (NH + CO + NaCl + H O —> NaHCOj + NH Cl). Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is used as a leavening agent in baking, as an antacid to relieve stomach acid, and as a component for fire extinguishers. The second step is known as the Solvay process, wherein the sodium bicarbonate is heated and converted into sodium carbonate (NaHCO A— Na CO + H O + CO ). 

It is worth noting that the method used by Vergnes et al. in experimentally obtaining the relative viscosity equation parameters, a and ft in Eq. 10.3-6. They worked with two almost identical PP homopolymers, one in 4-mm mean pellet diameter form, and the other in the form of small, 750-pm-diameter beads (Solvay Eltex HL 101). A 21-mm Co-TSE was fitted with a rheometric slit of length L = 52 mm, width w = 28 mm, and an adjustable gap spacing 1.5 < h < 2.5 mm. The polypropylene in pellet form was fed at the feed throat and melted. Just before the die, a second feed port introduced the PP in bead form at various rates, resulting in different effective values. Two pressure transducers at the die were used to record the slit pressure drop AP(relative viscosity was then expressed as... 

Solvent. The solvent used in most of this work was No. 24CA creosote oil from the Semet-Solvay Division of Allied Chemical Co., Morristown, New Jersey. The analysis of this material appears in Table II. 

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