Solubilizers hydrophobic functional group

Water-soluble polymeric dyes have been prepared from water-insoluble chromophores, viz., anthraquinone derivatives. Unreacted chromophore and its simple derivatives, which are all water-insoluble, remain in solution due to solubilization by the polymeric dye. A method has been developed to separate and quantitate the polymeric dye and these hydrophobic impurities using Sephadex column packing. The solvent developed has the property of debinding the impiirities from the polymer, and further allows a separation of the imp irities into discrete species. This latter separation is based on the functional groups on the impurity molecules, having a different interaction with the Sephadex surface in the presence of this solvent. The polymer elutes at the void volume... 

Solubilization of Cytochrome C in propane/AOT/water solutions is particularly convincing evidence for micelle formation in supercritical fluids because it excludes the possibility of a simple ion-pair mechanism of solubilization. It seems likely that this large, water soluble enzyme is solvated by the highly hydrophobic fluids only if the polar functional groups on the surface of the protein are shielded from the fluid by surfactant molecules. 

The simplest, and at the same time the most effective way to achieve dispersion in water or aqueous media is the addition of amphiphihc molecules carbon nanotubes without any functional groups are hydrophobic. This characteristic may be employed to enclose them in micelles. The surfactant molecules arrange around the single tubes with their hydrophilic head directed outward and their hydrophobic tail oriented toward the nanotube in the center. In this manner, each individual tube is surrounded by an envelop that enables a dispersion, for example, in water. Yet complete solubilization requires considerable amounts of the surfactant. Solutions obtained this way may in fact contain up to 80% of detergent and only 20% of carbon nanotubes. Surfactants suitable to enclose nanotubes in micelles include, for example, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, or octadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (OTAB). 

Adding a polar functional group on the cation will also form water-soluble ionic liquids. Salts 30-33 (Table 2.5), whose imidazolium ring has a hydroxyl functionality, are all soluble in water, even when the hydrophobic hexafluorophosphate anion is used. These salts have been developed for their ability to solubilize inorganic salts (LiCl, HgCl2 and LaCb). ... 

Hydrophobic functional-molecules can be incorporated into the higher-order unimer micelles either via chemical bonding of the functional molecules to amphiphilic polymers or by physically solubilizing tiie mol ules into the unimer micelle. For example, when an AMPS-DodMAm copolymer and a hydrophobic small-molecule are dissolved together in ethanol, and the ethanol solution is poured into excess water, then the hydrophobic molecules can be entrapped in a hydrophobic microdomain during the process of the hydrophobic self-association of polymer-bound dodecyl groups. However, it is practically difficult to precisely control the number of the sm l... 

The CSs used in the polar phase have some similar structural features (Table 1). Their structure includes polar functional groups, necessary for their solubilization in the aqueous solution. Nevertheless, the chiral recognition occurs in a lipophilic cavity or microenvironment which is present in a single CS molecule or originated by the complexation of two or more CS units. In these lipophilic sites, weak hydrophobic interactions are reinforced. This contributes to the stabilization of the CS-enantiomer complexes and allows for chiral discrimination. 

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