Solubility in organic liquids

Solubility Soluble in organic liquids. Insoluble in water and cold... 

The compound is generally soluble in organic liquids and is stable indefinitely in air. After two recrystallizations its melting point is 254-257° (sealed tube ... 

Both antimony and bismuth triodides may be prepared in this way but concentrated (57%) hydriodlc acid (No. 89) should be used as precipitating reagent for the bismuth salt beeauie the latter is not readily soluble in organic liquids about BOg of add are required. 

ETHERS. In general, ethers arc neutral, pleasant-smelling compounds that have liule or no solubility in water, but are easily soluble in organic-liquids. Their boiling poinls approximate those of hydrocarbons having comparable molecular weights and geometries. Detailed physical properties for ethers most commonly used as solvents are listed in Table I. 

M. Herskowitz, J. Wisniak and L. Skladman, Hydrogen solubility in organic liquids, J. Chem.Eng. Data, 28, (1983), 164-6... 

Uranyl ions form complexes in solutions with most anions. Uranyl sulfate and carbonate complexes are especially strong and are used in extracting uranium from its ores. Of great practical importance are the complexes of the uranyl ions with nitrate that are soluble in organic liquids such as alcohols, ethers, ketones, and esters. One of the most important of these reactions is that involving the extraction of uranyl nitrate into TBP (the Purex process) ... 

Of the above derivatives, the ammonium salt of 1-nitrosonaphthylhydroxylamine (12, named as neocupferron) appears to have attracted maximum attention.87 Its uranium, neodymium and cadmium salts (in contrast to the corresponding cupferron precipitates) are soluble in organic liquids. Neocupferron also appears to give a more voluminous (discernable quantity) precipitate with small amounts of iron. 

The cohesive properties of a polymer find direct expression in its solubility in organic liquids. The cohesive properties of a substance are expressed quantitatively in the cohesive energy. This quantity is closely related to the internal pressure, a parameter appearing in the equation of state of the substance. 

Bromotrimethylgermane is a water-sensitive, clear liquid, the density of which is 1.544 g/mL at 18°. It is generally soluble in organic liquids and its. H NMR spectrum in CCI4 has a singlet at 60.84. 

Zinc chloride melts at 275°C, boils at 720°C, and is stable in the vapor phase up to 900 0. It is very hygroscopic, extremely water-soluble, and soluble in organic liquids such as alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, amides, and nitrides. Hydrates with 1,1.5, 2.5, 3, and 4 molecules of water have been identified and great care must be exercised to avoid hydration of the anhydrous form. Aqueous solutions of zinc chloride are acidic (pH = 1.0 for 6 M) and, when partially neutralized, can form slightly soluble basic chlorides, eg, ZnCl2 4Zn(OH)2 [11073-22-6] and Zn(OH)Cl [14031-59-5]. Many other basic chlorides have been reported (58). 

The nickel complex, Ni ( 5115)2, has been made by the action of the Grignard reagent on nickel (II) acetylacetonate (217) or from potassium cyclopentadienyl and the ammine [Ni(NHs)el (S N)2 in liquid ammonia (58). It forms dark emerald-green crystals which sublime at 80-90° and which, when heated in nitrogen, melt, with decomposition and the formation of a nickel mirror, at 173-174°. It is only slowly oxidized in air, and cold water neither attacks nor dissolves it it is, however, readily soluble in organic liquids. Oxidation of the compound yields an orange-yellow solution containing the ion [Ni( 5H5)2]+, which is stable for a short period in weakly acidic media, and which may be precipitated as the reineckate or tetraphenylborate. 

Methane is colorless and, when liquefied, is less dense than water (sp.gr. 0.4). In agreement with the rule of thumb that lil e dissolves like, it is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in organic liquids such as gasoline, ether, and alcohol. In its physical properties methane sets the pattern for the other members of the alkane family. 

Solubility in organic liquids and ternary phase diagrams... 

The RHgX compounds are crystalline solids whose properties depend on the nature of X. When X is an atom or group that can form covalent bonds to mercury, for example, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN or OH, the compound is a covalent non-polar substance more soluble in organic liquids than in water. When X is S04 or N03, the substance is salt-like and presumably quite ionic, for instance, [RHg]+NOJ. Acetates behave as weak electrolytes. For iodides or thiocyanates, complex anions, e.g., RHglJ and RHglf-, may be formed. 

The nature of the solvent and substance to be dissolved.—No-rule can be given, which will apply in a general waj to the solvent power of liquids, or to the solubility of substances. Water is of all liquids the best solvent of most substances. In it some substances are so readily soluble that they absorb a sufEi-ciency from the atmosphere to form a solution as calcium chlorid. Such substances are said to deliquesce. Other substances are insoluble in water in any proportion as barium sulfate. Elementary substances (with the exception of chlorin) are insoluble, or sparingly soluble, in water. Substances rich in carbon are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic liquids. 

Semi-synthetic plastics are natural polymers which have been treated chemically to modify their properties with the aim of producing physically stable, mouldable products. The Swiss chemist, Schonbein, unwittingly prepared the first semi-synthetic polymer by treating paper (cellulose) with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids in 1846. The resulting cellulose nitrate was soluble in organic liquids and was softened by heat. It was highly flammable and only thought to be useful as an explosive, which was named gun cotton . 

Polysaccharides are capable of ester formation with either organic or inorganic acids. Reaction may, in general, be effected by any of the well-known esterification procedures after their adaptation and modification to fit the possible special requirements of carbohydrate macromolecules. The esters produced are derivatives of high polymers and as such portray typical macromolecular properties in addition to natural ester behavior. Esterification with organic acids usually alters the properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and, hence, alters the solubility so that the ester is no longer soluble in water but is soluble in organic liquids. 

Because of the intense color and the insolubility in ammonia, it has been assumed that copper rubeanate (and likewise the cobalt and nickel salts) are inner complex salts. However, this conjecture cannot be maintained if the distinguishing characteristic of inner complex salts is taken to be their solubility in organic liquids, because the rubeanates do not dissolve in such liquids. The resistance to ammonia is therefore probably to be ascribed to... 

Numerous other metal ions also form highly colored inner complex salts, which are soluble in organic liquids. However, if the conditions given here are observed, the test for lead is specific, although the sensitivity is less. 

Our first simulations involving interfaces concerned ionophores L, free or complexed by cations As these molecules are not soluble in water, but are soluble in organic liquids or membranes, it was anticipated that, when placed initially on the border between the two liquids, they would diffuse to chloroform. This turned out not to be the case. Whatever the nature or conformation of L, it adsorbed on the chloroform side of the interface, anchored via the polar moities solvated by a few water molecules ("water fingers" ). Some of the ligands studied (calixarene derivatives podants CMPO s alkyl phosphates. .) are... 

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