Solubility enhancement of organic

Chiou, C.T., D.E. Kile, T.I. Brinton, R.L. Malcolme, J.A. Leenheer, and P. MacCarthy. 1987. A comparison of water solubility enhancements of organic solutes by aquatic humic materials and commercial humic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21 1231-1234. 

Cho, H.-H., Park, J.-W., Liu, C.K. (2002) Effect of molecular structures on the solubility enhancement of hydrophobic organic compounds by environmental amphiphiles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 999-1003. 

The impact of salt concentration on the formation of micelles has been reported and is in apparent accord with the interfacial tension model discussed in Sect. 4.1, where the CMC is lowered by the addition of simple electrolytes [ 19,65, 280,282]. The existence of a micellar phase in solution is important not only insofar as it describes the behavior of amphipathic organic chemicals in solution, but the existence of a nonpolar pseudophase can enhance the solubility of other hydrophobic chemicals in solution as they partition into the hydrophobic interior of the micelle. A general expression for the solubility enhancement of a solute by surfactants has been given by Kile and Chiou [253] in terms of the concentrations of monomers and micelles and the corresponding solute partition coefficients, giving... 

Chiou et al. [189] were the first to consider the mechanism for water solubility enhancement of nonionic organic solutes by DOM of soil and bottom sediments. Such enhancement effects were effectively explained in terms of a par-... 

Chiou CT, Malcom RL, Brinton Tl, Kile DE (1986) Water solubility enhancement of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic acids. Environ Sci Technol 20 502-508... 

Reaction mixtures are complex multicomponent systems, and their phase behavior is dictated by the composition of the mixture and operating conditions. Organic solvents present in the reaction medium as reagents may act as cosolvents and result in solute solubility enhancement (as discussed in Section 4.2). For example, the decrease in reaction rate observed at high ethanol concentrations for the lipase-catalyzed esterification of myristic acid + ethanol in SCCO2 has been, in part, attributed to the solubility enhancement of water, resulting in drying of the enzyme... 

Chiou, C. T. Malcolm, R. L. Brinton, T. I. and Kile, D. E. Water Solubility Enhancement of Some Organic Pollutants and Pesticides by Dissolved Humic and Fulvic Acids Environmental Science and Technology, 1986,20 p. 502-508. 

Polyazomethines without any side branches are known to be only slightly soluble in concentrated sulfuric or methanesulfonic acid and totally insoluble in any common organic solvents. As to see from Table 2, solubility of the C -PAMs is increased in several specified solvents. Particularly in w-cresol they are freely soluble. However, when we compare the solubility of Cg-PAM-T and that of Cg-PAM-M, the latter is better soluble in chloroform, toluene, THF or HMPA than the former. These two PAMs have the same side chain length, but different molecular weight. Therefore it can be said that solubility of C -PAMs is influenced not only by attachment of a side branch but also by molecular weight. The remarkable solubility enhancement of C -PAMs relative to PAMs without any side branch results from the interaction between the side branch and the rigid backbone. 

Pesticide Solvent. The majority of organic fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides (qv) are soluble in DMSO, including such difficult-to-solvate materials as the substituted ureas and carbamates (see Fungicides, agricultural Insect control technology Pesticides). Dimethyl sulfoxide forms cosolvent systems of enhanced solubiUty properties with many solvents (109). 

Simple metal compounds are poorly soluble in non-coordinating ILs, but the solubility of metal ions in an IL can be increased by addition of lipophilic ligands. LLowever, enhancement of lipophilicity also increases the tendency for the metal complex to leach into less polar organic phases. 

Non-aqueous microemulsions have been prepared by replacing water with formamide, a highly structured polar solvent [71]. Formamide enhances the solubility of organic compounds and is also used as a reactant. 

---