Solubility as a function

Typical values of acetone solubility as a function of temperature at a total pressure of 760 muiHg are shown in the following table ... 

C. H. Schein, Solubility as a function of protein structure and solvent components, Biotechnology, 8, 308 (1990). 

Aqueous solubility, potency and permeability are three factors under medicinal chemistry control that must be optimized to achieve a compound with acceptable oral absorption. Typically, a lead (chemistry starting point) is deficient in all three parameters. The inter-relationships of these three parameters has been described in a series of publications from Pfizer researchers [7, 8]. Figure 9.1 depicts graphically the minimum acceptable solubility as a function of projected clinical potency and intestinal permeability. A minimum thermodynamic aqueous solubility of 52... 

Another consideration is whether all the factors can be changed independently through their range of possible values, or whether there are limits on the possible values. The most obvious limiting situation is the case of mixtures, where all the components of a mixture must sum to 100%. Other limitations might be imposed by the physical (or chemical) behavior of the materials involved solubility as a function of temperature, for example, or as a function of other materials present (maximum solubility of salt in water-alcohol mixtures, for example, will vary with the ratio of the two solvents). Other limits might be set by practical considerations such as safety except for specialized work by scientists experienced in the field, few experimenters would want to work, for example, with materials at concentrations above their explosive limits. 

Jaoui, M., Achard, C., and Rogalski, M. Solubility as a function of temperature of selected chlorophenols and nitrophenols in aqueous solution containing electrol3Tes or surfactants, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47(2) 297-303, 2002. 

Relative methods measure properties that depend clearly on molecular weight, for example, the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer coils (GPC, vis-cosimetry) or their solubility as a function of chain length. However, these measurements can only be evaluated with respect to the molecular weight of the mac-... 

Table 4-3 Calculated solubility as a function of crystal size...

The relative solubilities reported are very crude estimates based on equilibrium solubility products. These estimates do not take into account variations in solubility as a function of pH, ionic strength, activities of various solution species (e.g., HCO "), redox state, particle size, surface defect types and concentrations, the concentration of various types of adsorbates, including natural organic matter, on mineral surface, or the presence of different types of bacteria or microbial biofilms on mineral surfaces. 

Figure 8. Maximum hydrogen solubility as a function of atom % alloy partner exhibited by V/Cr and Ti/Mo alloys. Data obtained at 40°C for a hydrogen charging pressure of 60 atm. (O) V/Cr, Ref. 52 (a) Ti/Mo, Ref. 56 (A) Ti/Mo, this work.

In Figure 2.3-2, as an example, typical data of the solubility as a function of pressure, at two different temperatures, are reported. 

Figure 2 illustrates corrosion behavior and oxygen solubility as a function of the salinity of the solution at a fixed temperature. It is to be noted that a small variation in salinity in the neighborhood of the normal 3.5% content of sea water has no effect on oxygen solubility and little effect on corrosion rate. 

FIGURE 2.1 van t Hoff plot of ideal mole fraction solubility as a function of the inverse solution temperature. 

Yalkowsky (1981) has developed equations describing water solubility as a function of both hydrophobicity (locP) and crystal lattice forces. Jain and Yalkowsky (2001) have offered a new general solubility equation, where the molar solubility, %) of a nonelectrolyte can be estimated by... 

Setschenow (1889) gave the first quantitative description of protein solubility as a function of salt concentration, as in Eq. (8.61), where [E] is the solubility of the enzyme, [S] the salt concentration, and Ks the salting-out constant... 

Figure 2.27 Solubilities as a function of critical temperature (Tc) for a typical glassy polymer (polysulfone) and a typical rubbery polymer (silicone rubber) compared with values for the ideal solubility calculated from Equation (2.97)[43]...

When we consider the solubility of a solid component in a solvent, the emphasis is placed on obtaining the mole fraction or other composition variable as a function of the temperature. Thus, Equation (10.96) gives the solubility as a function of the temperature in this interpretation. The solubility in an ideal solution is given by... 

Fig. 17.1 C02 solubility as a function of aqueous salt concentration for four simple salt solutions [25]...

Fig. 17.5 The calculated solubility as a function of temperature of C02 in water at 1 atm using literature and developed C02 models. The literature models solubility is only given at 298 K for clarity [23-26]...

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