Solid state devices photochemical

Proton tautomerism in the solid state has drawn attention from the aspect of application as well. Further investigations in related areas, such as photochromism, thermochromism, photochemical hole-burning and hydrogen-bonded dielectrics, may open a horizon of protonic molecular devices. 

Bahnemann DW (1991) In Pelizzetti E, Schiavello M (eds) Photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy, Kluwer, The Netherlands, p 251 Kittel Ch (1976) Introduction to solid state physics. John Wiley, New York Sze S (1981) Physics of semiconductor devices, 2nd edn. John Wiley, New York... 

Photochromic processes are often observed both in solution and in the solid state, thus making for facile incorporation of photochromies in films, in membranes, and as dopants in host matrices—prerequisites for the construction of molecular optoelectronic devices. Section 2.3.1 focuses on the materials and supramolecular systems prepared from photochromic systems. For more comprehensive descriptions of the basic photochemical processes the reader is referred to any of the numerous reviews on the subject [47, 51, 89, 159-162]. 

Experiments have shown that polymers are inexpensive to manufacture and can be prepared as films, which is very important for device application. Conductive polymers may be synthesized by any one of the following techniques (Kumar and Sharma 1998) (1) chemical polymerization, (2) electrochemical polymerization, (3) photochemical polymerization, (4) metathesis polymerization, (5) concentrated emulsion polymerization, (6) inclusion polymerization, (7) solid-state polymerization, (8) plasma polymerization, (9) pyrolysis, and (10) soluble precursor polymer preparation. Several methods of... 

Some authors reported the stability of DSSC assembled with polymer electrolytes with different compositions and related this behavior to the properties of the electrolyte. For example, solar cells were assembled with electrolytes combining the ionic liquid l-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodine and PEO, poly(propylene oxide) or the copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide). After introducing less than 10 wt% of the polyether into the liquid electrolyte, the parameters of these quasi-solid state solar cells were still comparable to those of the liquid photochemical cells. It was believed that the polymer can contribute to the maintenance of the efficiency of the solar cells by holding the organic solvent. All devices were sealed with paraffin wax. The cell assembled with liquid electrolyte lost half of the conversion efficiency after 5 days, while the cells fabricated with the polyether-electrolytes had... 

Laser-induced reaction has been widely used to stimulate gas-surface interaction. Lasers are also used to probe molecular dynamics in heterogeneous systems as well. In the applied area, the laser photochemical techniques are successfully applied to produce well defined microstructures and new materials for microelectronic devices (1). Enhanced adsorption and chemical reaction on surfaces can be achieved by a photoexcitation of gaseous molecules, adsorbed species as well as solid substrates. The modes of the excitation include vibrational and electronic states of the gaseous species and of the adsorbates surface complexes. Both a single and a multiple photon absorption may be involved in the excitation process. 

Combined systems of charge transfer in groimd and excited states have been mentioned in Section 14.2. This provides a fundamental idea for designing future electronic and photonic devices to solve global problems such as environment and energy resources. New quasi-solid materials composed of polysaccharide containing a large excess water have been described in which electrochemical and photochemical reactions can be carried out in the same way as in pure water without any outer cell or flask. These new materials could open the way to a new chemistry and devices in the future. 

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