Solid schematic diagram

Figure Al.7.11. Schematic diagram of a generic surface science experiment. Particles, such as photons, electrons, or ions, are mcident onto a solid surface, while the particles emitted from the surface are collected and measured by the detector.

Figure Bl.26.18. Schematic diagram of the energy levels in a solid.

Schematic diagram of a device for solid-phase microextractions.

Fig. 2.1. Schematic diagram of electron emission processes in solids. Left side Auger process, right side photo-...

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of anodic polarization curve of passive-metal electrode when sweeping electrode potential in the noble direction. The dotted line indicates the polarization curve in the absence of Cl-ions, whereas the solid line is the polarization curve in the presence of Cl ions.7 Ep, passivation potential Eb, breakdown potential Epit> the critical pitting potential ETP, transpassive potential. (From N. Sato, J, Electrochem. Soc. 129, 255, 1982, Fig. 1. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Figure 7.5. (a) Solid electrolyte cell consisting of an YSZ disk with working (Pt), reference (Au, Ag) and counter electrodes (Au). (b) Schematic diagram of the electrochemical reactor.21 Reprinted with permission from The Electrochemical Society. 

Fig. 3.16 Schematic diagram of a model for ultrahydrophobic drag reduction. A combination of surface hy-drophobicity and roughness combine to allow water to stand away from the solid surface. Reprinted from Ou et al. (2004) with permission...

Figure 8.7 Schematic diagram of the proposed structure of the noradrenaline neuronal transporter showing the 12 transmembrane, hydrophobic domains with the N- and C-termini projecting towards the cell cytoplasm. Binding domains for specific ligands are thought to be within regions indicated by the solid bars. (From Stanford 1999, reproduced with permission)...

Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of the free energy calculated from (4.4), Fftee. versus potential cf> for the generic electrocatalytic reaction A —> B. Points indicated hy squares and circles are for specific external charges (various q) for the systems A and B, respectively. Solid and dashed lines indicate the best-fit curves for the free energy versus potential relationship for systems A and B, respectively.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram illustrating the analogies between dispersion of immiscible liquids and dispersed solids.

Figure 1.1. Schematic diagram of instrumentation associated with a fermentor. The steam sterilization system and all sensors and transmitters are omitted for clarity. Solid lines represent process streams. Hairlines represent information flow.

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the Nottingham apparatus for IR kinetic measurements on solutions. Solid lines represent the light path, broken lines the electrical connections. L = Line tunable CO laser, S = sample cell, F = flash lamp, P = photodiode, D = fast MCT IR detector, T = transient digitizer, O = oscilloscope, and M = microcomputer. Nonfocussing optics were used throughout, and the IR laser beam was heavily attenuated by a variable path cell V, filled with liquid methanol, placed immediately in front of the detector. [Reproduced with permission from Moore et al. (61).]...

The pulsed operation of the gas-filled detector illustrates the principles of basic radiation detection. Gases are used in radiation detectors since their ionized particles can travel more freely than those of a liquid or a solid. Typical gases used in detectors are argon and helium, although boron-triflouride is utilized when the detector is to be used to measure neutrons. Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a gas-filled chamber with a central electrode. 

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of a typical instrument for measuring CL signals on a solid surface.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of a solid-phase N02 sensor. The sensor consists of a small cell supporting the polymer-coated, glass substrate behind a glass window in full view of a PMT. The CL reagent is immobilized on the hydrogel substrate. The gel is sandwiched between the glass window and a Teflon PTFE membrane. The purpose of the Teflon membrane is to permit the diffusion of N02 from the airstream into the gel while preventing the loss of water from the hydrogel. Inlet and outlet tubes (PTFE) allow a vacuum pump to sample air (2 L/min) directly across the surface of the chemical sensor. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 12.)...

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the solid-state NMR pulse sequences for (a) quantitative single pulse 13C observe with gated decoupling and (b) Ti and (c) 13C Ti determinations via cross polarization.

FIG. 31 Schematic diagram illustrating the transition between a supercooled liquid state (rubber) and an amorphous solid state (glass). The glass transition event is typically caused by a decrease in water content and/or temperature. The reversibility of the transition, as indicated by the dotted arrow, is material dependent (see text for further discussion of the reversibility of the transition). 

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a photoacoustic cell for solid samples that depicts the acoustic channel (diameter exaggerated) to the microphone from the gas filled sample chamber.

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the adaptation of a Nicolet 7199 FT-IR spectrometer for photoacoustic measurements on solid samples.

Fig. 18a. 12. Schematic diagram of ion-selective electrode chips with solid contact.

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of an AAS spectrometer. A is the light source (hollow cathode lamp), B is the beam chopper (see Fig. 3.2), C is the burner, D the monochromator, E the photomultiplier detector, and F the computer for data analysis. In the single beam instrument, the beam from the lamp is modulated by the beam chopper (to reduce noise) and passes directly through the flame (solid light path). In a double beam instrument the beam chopper is angled and the rear surface reflective, so that part of the beam is passed along the reference beam path (dashed line), and is then recombined with the sample beam by a half-silvered mirror.

Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of a quadrupole ICP-MS capable of working in either the solution or laser ablation mode. In the solid mode, a vertical laser ablates material from the sample which is mounted on a moveable horizontal stage. In solution mode, the liquid is sucked up into the injection chamber.

Figure 5.17 Schematic diagram of the effect of mixing on the concentration of substrate in the liquid and solid phases of a triphasic reaction a represents a reaction that is limited only by the intrinsic reactivity b represents a reaction that is limited by a combination of intrinsic reactivity and mass transport effects c represents a reaction which is limited by mass transport only...

---