Solid sampling AAS

Danzer K, Schron W, Drefiler B, Jagemann K-U (1998) Matrix sensitivity of solid sampling AAS. Determination of zinc in geological samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem 361 710... 

The use of the CRM, the information it bears and the quality of the material it represents, tells the operator that his s value is due to the measurement precision of his method. If relevant, the CRM should tell him which parts of the uncertainty of the measurements are not due to the analytical method but could come from inhomogeneity of the material. Unless very small sample intakes of solid materials are used (solid sampling AAS, INAA), this inhomogeneity should be negligible. At least in using CRMs for environmental monitoring, if the analyst compares his value of. v with a stated. 

Other biological materials (e.g., tissues) may be destroyed and Cd levels subsequently determined indirectly using AAS (flame or graphite furnace), or directly with solid sampling AAS (Herber 1994b). 

Direct atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analysis of increasing (e 0,10 g) mass of solid samples is the great practical interest since in a number of cases it allows to eliminate a long-time and labor consuming pretreatment dissolution procedure of materials and preconcentration of elements to be determined. Nevertheless at prevalent analytical practice iS iO based materials direct AAS are not practically used. 

The main advantages of electrothermal atomisers are that (a) very small samples (as low as 0.5 pL) can be analysed (b) often very little or no sample preparation is needed, in fact certain solid samples can be analysed without prior dissolution (c) there is enhanced sensitivity, particularly with elements with a short-wavelength resonance line in practice there is an improvement of between 102- and 103-fold in the detection limits for furnace AAS compared with flame AAS. 

Classical methods based on decomposition for elements and extraction for organometaUic and organic compounds Methods capable of directly analyzing solid samples (e.g. NAA, XRF, SS-AAS)... 

Kurfurst U (1998) Solid Sample Analysis - Direct and Slurry Sampling using GF-AAS and ETV-ICP. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 

KuRFiiRST U, Grobecker KH, Stoeppler M (1984) Homogeneity studies in biological reference and control materials with solid sampling and direct Zeeman-AAS. In Schramel P, Bratter P, eds. Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 3, pp 591-601. de Gruyter, Berlin. 

Nowka R, Muller H (1997) Direct analysis of solid samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a transversely heated graphite atomizer and D2-background correction system (SS GF-AAS). Fresenius J Anal Chem 359 132-137. 

For the determination of As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr with solid sampling GF-AAS in a number of biological samples, calibration curves using one NIES CRM and three NIST SRMs were constructed and successfully used (Atsuya et al. 1987). 

Hg, Fe and Zn were determined with solid sampling GF-AAS, calibration was done with four different suitable BCR CRMs (Pauwels et al. 1993). 

For the determination of Pb, Zn and Mn in coal samples with solid sampling GF-AAS, calibration curves were prepared either from three appropriate NIST coal SRMs or solution standards. Identical results were obtained for Pb and Zn, while only solid SRMs gave correct results for Mn (Ah et al. 1989). 

Kurfurst U (L991) Statistical treatment of ET-AAS solid sampling data of heterogeneous samples. Pure Appl Chem 63 1205-1211. 

Rossbach M, Ostapczuk P, Emons H (1998) Microhomogeneity of candidate reference materials Comparison of solid sampling Zeeman-AAS with INAA. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 380-383. Rossbach M, Stoeppler M (1987) Use of CRMs as mutual calibration materials and control of synthetic multielement standards as used in INAA. J Radioanal Nud Chem Artides 113 217-223. Sargent M (1995) Development and application of a protocol for quality assurance of trace analysis. Anal Proc 32 71-76. 

ScHRON W, Liebmann A, Nimmereall G 2000) Direct solid sample analysis of sediment, soils, rocks and advanced ceramics by ETV-ICP-AES and GF-AAS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366 79-88. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Nimmerfall G, Schron W (2001) Direct solid sample analysis of geological samples with SS-GF-AAS and use of 3D calibration. Fresenius J Anal Chem 370 760... 

Atomic absorption completely replaced OES in archaeological chemistry during the 1980s, and differs from it in a number of ways. Firstly, it is primarily a solution-based technique, therefore requiring solid samples to be dissolved prior to analysis. Secondly, it is based on the absorption of light by atomized samples in a flame, in contrast to OES which is based on emission. Because of this, AAS requires a source of light that has a wavelength... 

It is important to remember that in AAS, as in most analytical techniques where a solid sample is converted into a solution for analysis, it is the concentration of the element which is determined, whereas it is sometimes the concentration of the oxide which is often required. This is always the case for silicate samples (e.g., glass, pottery, and some minerals), but not of course for... 

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