Solid sample introduction

Gray AL (1985). Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry. Analyst 110 551-556... 

An excellent review of modern sorptive sampling techniques that could be considered for the enrichment of volatiles from mammalian secretions appeared recently [10]. To be on the safe side, more than one sample preparation and sample enrichment method should be used to analyze mammalian secretions. If GC and GC-MS analyses are employed, the results obtained with split/split-less, on-column, SPME and solventless (solid) sample introduction methods [11,12] should be compared. 

The mechanical problems related to the rapid solid sample introduction or related to the introduction of solid samples with no air leak makes this type of pyrolyser more appropriate for liquid or even gas sample pyrolysis. Also, it being possible to build large furnace pyrolysers, this type is successfully used when larger amounts of sample are necessary to be pyrolysed. This is a common case for the pyrolysis of non-homogeneous samples when a few mg of sample do not represent well the average sample composition. 

J.A. Sweileh, On-line flow injection solid sample introduction digestion and analysis spectrophotometric and atomic absorption determination of iron, copper and zinc in multi-vitamin tablets, Microchem. J. 65 (2000) 87. 

Frank, P. and Reynolds. R.G. (1976). Perchloric acid free digestion of blood in microdetermination of lead by anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 48, 2041-2042 Fry, R.C. and Denton, M.B. (1977). High solids sample introduction for flame AAA, Anal. Chem. 49,1413-1417... 

Other techniques like hydride-generation, flow-injection techniques or solid sample introduction are highly specialized and up to now not applicable to routine analysis. 

For the first live atomization sources listed in Table 8-1, samples arc usually iiilroduccd in the form of aqueous solulions (occa.sionally, nonaqueous soUilion.s are used) or less often as slurries (a slurry is a suspension of a ftnely divided powder in a liquid). For samples lhai are difficull lo dissolve, however, several methods have been used lo introduce samples into the atomizer in ihe form of solids or finely dispersed powders. Gen-crallv, solid sample-introduction techniques arc less reproducible and more subject lo various errors and as a result are not nearly as widely applied as aqueous solution techniques. Table 8-2 lists the common sample-introduction methods for atomic spcciro.scopy and the ispe of samples lo which each method is applicable. 

In recent years, laser ablation has come into its own as a method of solid-sample introduction with minimal... 

Initial work on slurry nebulization shows this to be a very promising method of solid sample introduction for ICP-MS. It has been successfully applied for analysis of geological and soil samples, and industrial catalysts. 

Laser ablation Laser ablation (LA) in combination with the ICP atomiser has become a powerful and flexible techniqvie for solid sample introduction [47]. LA-AES has found its niche primarily as a bulk sampling technique for the analysis of bulk solid materials with a large focal spot (500—1000 pm). It offers comparable detection capability to spark ablation/emission but is not dependent on the sample being conductive. The experimental set-up, revealed in Fig. 12.32, consists in its simplest form of a pulsed laser (excimer- or Nd YAG-laser) with a defined pulse energy, some focusing optics, and a sample cell with a continuous Ar flow con-... 

Boron Soil and fertilizer Azomethine H Spectrophotometry 5.0-50 pgperg Solid sample introduction, online... 

Giinther, D., Jackson, S.E., Longerich, H.P. (1999) Laser ablation and arc/spark solid sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers. Spectrochimica Acta, 54, 381-409. 

Examples of the AAS analysis of powdered samples, as well as such solid foods as chocolate and flour, are presented in [ 137]. [ 138J. The direct determination of mercury in soils, coal, and ash is di.scussed in [139]. ICP—OES (and ICP—MS) can also be transformed into a direct process through solid sample introduction and electrothermal pretreatment [140J. 

The relation between acoustic and optical signals produced at UV-LA-ICP-AES spectrometry was discussed [81]. Moenke-Blankenburg [38] has described laser ablation for solid sample introduction for inorganic analysis. Arrowsmith [82] and Durrant [82a] have reviewed laser-assisted elemental analysis of solids by secondary plasma source mass spectrometry. 

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