Solid ball

Gray oxide can be produced by a milling process, which, strictly speaking, does not mill the material. A rotating drum is filled with solid balls or ingots of lead. 

In fact, it has been previously observed that measured diameters of dendrimer molecules by AFM are much larger than the theoretical values, which indicates that the dendrimers spread out and flatten on the surface [25, 26], Three major factors could account for this deformation. First, the unique architecture and chemical structure of PAMAM dendrimers result in macromolecules that are not solid balls, but instead are relatively open and hence soft materials. It is expected that the rigidity will increase substantially with increasing generation number [9]. Therefore, when deposited on solid substrates, they tend to deform to different degrees as a result of the interplay between their inherent rigidity and surface energetics from the interaction between the dendrimer molecules and the mica surface. Secondly, amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers possess a... 

Wine-glasses are usually made in three pieces. Tho process is the same as for the tumbler, till the gathering assumes the shape represented in Pig. 175. A solid ball of glass is then attached to the flat end, as in Fig. 178, this being a separata gathering, out of... 

A spherical solid ball is in normal contact with a spherical seat, as shown in Fig. P2.1. Derive the expressions for the radius of the contact area, rc, and the distance change between the centers of the contact bodies, a. The radii of the spherical seat and the solid ball are Ri and R2, respectively. 

Figure P2.1. Normal contact of a spherical solid ball with a spherical seat.

Figure P2.2. Collision between a solid ball and a spherical seat.

The above is a simple idea however, as the following example shows, some caution is in order. Consider two solid balls of the same radius, where one ball has a spiral line issued from its surface. The first object is achiral whereas the second one is chiral, and the first object is the largest achiral object that fits within the second one. Clearly, the two objects have the same volume, hence comparing volumes is not appropriate for assessing the degree of chirality (i.e., the degree of "achirality deficiency") of the second object. This problem is caused by the presence of the infinitely thin spiral line of zero volume. In order to avoid such pathological cases, we shall consider only objects T that are "nowhere infinitely thin" and have finite, nonzero volume [240]. 

When benzene was used as solvent and a hydrogen element source, microtubes, solid balls, hollow balls, and square frameworks (Figure 7.20(a)-(d)) of amorphous... 

Fig. 7.20. TEM images of the amorphous HPN2 microtubes (a), solid balls (b), hollow balls (c) and square frameworks (d) prepared at 190-250 °C for 0.5 to 10 days by reacting PCI5 with NaNj in benzene.

Because of Dalton s atomic theory, most scientists in the 1800s believed that the atom was like a tiny solid ball that could not be broken up into parts. In 1897, a British physicist, J.J. Thomson, discovered that this solid-ball model was not accurate. 

Detonated at many points simultaneously, the HE would blow inward. The shock wave from that explosion would squeeze the tamper from all sides, which in trirn would squeeze the core. Squeezing the core would change its geometry from hollow shell to solid ball. What had been subcritical because of its geometry would be squeezed critical far faster and more efficiently than any mere gim could fire. The gim will compress in one dimension, Manley remembers Neddermeyer telling them. Two dimensions would be better. Three dimensions worild be better still. ... 

It had been clear from the beginning that implosion, by squeezing a hollow shell of plutonium to a solid ball, could effectively assemble it as a critical mass much faster than the fastest gun could fire. What von Neumann and Teller now realized, and communicated to Oppenheimer in October 1943, was that implosion at more violent compressions than Neddermeyer had yet attempted should squeeze plutonium to such unearthly densities that a solid subcritical mass could serve as a bomb core, avoiding the complex problem of compressing hollow shells. Nor would predetonation threaten from light-element impurities. Develop implosion, in other words, and they could deliver a more reliable bomb more quickly. 

Whether these products are flexible or rigid depends largely on the temperature. A hollow ball made of PI or SBR and cooled in liquid nitrogen becomes hard and brittle. A solid ball in the same conditions has a greatly reduced bounce relative to ordinary temperatures (by a factor of 2 or 3). Likewise, when immersed in boiling water, PS becomes soft and easily deformed. Deformations inflicted at high temperatures remain upon cooling. 

Atoms are not solid balls. They are made from smaller parts. The parts are protons, neutrons, and electrons. The middle of the atom is called the nucleus. It is made from protons and neutrons. Around this is a cloud of very, very tiny electrons. The various elements have a different number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 

A solid ball is the symbol for many (meaning zero or more). The... 

Figure 10 Structures with selected parameters by B3PW91/6-3 lG(d) (10a) LVD (lOb-d) dimers (lOe-f) trimers (lOg) tetramer. Solid balls stand for oxygen atoms, big empty ones for carbon atoms, small empty ones for hydrogen atoms, and the balls marked with a star stand for lithium atoms. The numbers in parentheses refer to overall bond order with NBO-B3PW91/6-31G, and those in brackets to V p(r) at the bond critical points obtained with AIM-B3PW91/6-31G. q and a are the partial charges and the total overall bond orders of Li ions calculated with NBO-B3PW91/6-31G, respectively. Reproduced from [38] with permission of Amer. Chem. Soc.

The case of a perfectly elastic contact between the solid surface and the absolnte solid ball is known as the Hertz Problem of contact mechanics. The Hertz Problem has a rather cumbersome solution. With the application of dimensional analysis (Section 5.2), one can get a characteristic nonlinear dependence of the size of the impression on the indenting ball s diameter, the applied force and the Young s modulus of the material. In its reverse version, that is, for the case of a contact between a compliant sphere and a solid surface (bottom of a 15 g weight), this method was used for a long time to measure the internal eye pressure of the eye. 

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