Soil solarization limitation

However, climate, season, and cropping system specificity still represent serious limits for a further diffusion of soil solarization practice, as effective results are mostly provided by summer application to specific cropping systems, i.e., greenhouse and field horticulture and fruit orchards, in warm climates. Adversely, solarization is less effective and more expensive in cooler regions and not suitable for rain-fed agronomic crops in large areas. 

Stapleton JJ, Molinar RH, Lynn-Patterson K, Me Feeters SK, Shrestha A (2005) Soil solarization provides weed control for limited-resource and organic growers in warmer climates. Calif Agric 59 84-89... 

Plant resistant cultivars. Crop rotation is of limited value in starving these pests Fusarium fungi can survive in the soil a number of years in the absence of a susceptible plant. Remove and destroy infected plants. Soil solarization may reduce the incidence of this disease. 

After volatilization, biodegradation and photooxidation are the most important removal mechanisms for gasoline hydrocarbons released to surface soils (Air Force 1989). Photooxidation in surface soils is less important than in surface water environments since infiltration of the liquid product into the soil will limit exposure to solar radiation (Bossert and Bartha 1984). 

The rainfall regime in arid areas is characterized by low, irregular and unpredictable precipitation, often concentrated in a few rainstorms, creating humid conditions in the soil for a short period and over a limited area. In many arid areas, several years may elapse between successive rainfalls. The moisture supplied to the soil from rain is offset by evaporation, that is related to air temperature, air humidity and intensity of solar radiation. Because of the irregular rainfall distribution, mean precipitation values have little meaning, if not also the range of variation is indicated. 

Solarization process increases soil temperatures up to levels lethal to many plant pathogens and pests and, therefore, direct thermal inactivation is the most important and normally expected mechanism. Some studies on the biochemical bases of sensitivity of organisms to high temperatures hypothesized that heat sensitivity is related to small differences in cell macromolecules, leading to a lethal increase of intra-molecular hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bonds (Brock 1978). Sundarum (1986) suggested a reduced cell membrane function beyond an upper limit fluidity... 

What do the Shroud of Turin, cerebrospinal fluid, soil, gasohne, the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt van Rijn, apple cider, and solar wind have in common One answer is that they all can be mass spectrometry samples. This point of view, though essentially correct, seems somewhat limited and biased, however. In this part of the book, we are turning the common mass spectrometry perspective upside down. Instead of listing different application areas for mass spectrometry, we let ten different researchers or research groups introduce their respective fields and describe how mass spectrometry can aid them in their work. 

Phytoremediation is only effective at shallow depths because root density decreases with depth. The mobility of contaminants also decreases with depth. In addition, phytoremediation is a slower process than some alternative technologies, and cleanup often requires several growing seasons. Environmental factors, including soil type, water availability, temperature, nutrients, and solar radiation can also limit the success of phytoremediation. 

The temperature dependent algorithms used to predict natural sulfur emissions do not account for all of the variation in observed emissions. Other important environmental parameters may include, but are not limited to, tidal flushing, availability of sulfur, soil moisture, soil pH, mineral composition, ground cover, and solar radiation. A more accurate estimation of the national sulfur inventory will require a better understanding of the factors which influence natural emissions and the means to extrapolate any additional parameters which are determined to be important. 

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