Sodium silicate additive

Coagulation involves the addition of chemicals to alter the physical state of dissolved and suspended solids. This facilitates their removal by sedimentation and filtration. The most common primary coagulants are alum ferric sulfate and ferric chloride. Additional chemicals that may be added to enhance coagulation include activate silica, a complex silicate made from sodium silicate, and charged organic molecules called polyelectrolytes, which include large-molecular-weight polyacrylamides, dimethyl-diallylammonium chloride, polyamines, and starch. 

The 3 percent hydrogen peroxide you get at the drugstore is often protected from decomposing by the addition of sodium silicate, magnesium sulfate, or tin compounds. These stabilizers lock up the iron, copper, and other transition metals that can act as catalysts. 

Addition of suitable builders, such as sodium silicates or sodium tripolyphosphate, could increase the detergency of soap-LSDA blend even further. A systematic investigation of three-component systems, soap-LSDA builder, showed that a detergency maximum could be attained which corresponded to a certain fixed ratio of components. Maximum detergency corresponded to an approximate composition of 75% soap, 10% MES, and 15% metasilicate. The tests were carried out at 50°C and at 300 ppm water hardness which is well above that of U.S. municipal water supplies. The principle of detergency potentiation of soap by an LSDA and builder was always evident, even when using other artificially soiled cloths, such as those supplied by U.S. Testing Co. or Testfabrics Inc. 

An N-vinylpyrrolidone/acrylamide random copolymer (0.05% to 5.0% by weight) is used for cementing compositions [371, 1076]. Furthermore, a sulfonate-containing cement dispersant is necessary. The additive can be used in wells with a bottom-hole temperature of 80° to 300° F. The fluid loss additive mixture is especially effective at low temperatures, for example, below 100° F and in sodium silicate-extended slurries. 

Special grades of gypsum hemihydrate are blended with Portland cement for types with reduced thickening time and setting time. Gypsum requires significantly more water addition. The maximal application temperatures are 70° to 80° C. Sodium silicate is used for cement slurries with diatomaceous earth. It can be used up to 7% by weight. 

With chemical treatment, the natural surfactants in crude oil can be activated [1384]. This method has been shown to be effective for highly viscous crude oil from the Orinoco Belt that has been traditionally transported either by heating or diluting. The precursors to the surfactants are preferably the carboxylic acids that occur in the crude oil. The activation occurs by adding an aqueous buffer solution [1382,1383]. The buffer additive is either sodium hydroxide in combination with sodium bicarbonate or sodium silicate. Water-soluble amines also have been found to be suitable [1506]. 

It is possible to make soils more resistant to chemical attack. Many of the same methods used to lower hydraulic conductivity can stabilize materials against leachate attack, including greater compaction, an increase in overburden stress, and the mixing of additives such as lime cement or sodium silicate with the natural soil materials.25... 

Sodium silicate has a strong depressing effect on pyrochlore, and it is sometimes used during calcite flotation. Sodium silicate hydrosol is prepared by reacting ferric chloride and silicate, followed by acidification of the mixture, which has a positive effect on selectivity. The addition of small quantities of hydrosol (100 g/t) resulted in significant improvement in concentrate grade. 

Sodium silicate wetting, emulsifying, penetrating, and other surface-active properties do not appear to impact ink removal efficiency in flotation (36). Flotation can also remove some of the paper filler and coating particles dispersed in the pulp. Addition of certain cationic oiganic polymers such as poly(dia11yldimethylammonium chloride) to pulp improves the removal efficiency of these particles during flotation (37,38). 

Precipitated silicas are also produced by the addition of sulphuric acid to a solution of sodium silicate but under different conditions, which result in the formation of aggregates of tiny discrete particles rather than the massive structure of a gel. After precipitation the slurry is filtered, washed, dried and deagglomer-ated. 

The higher the concentration of the caustic soda solution which is present as a liquid phase in addition to the gel (Figure 1, top), the faster the gels precipitated from sodium silicate and sodium aluminate solutions crystallize to form zeolite A. The gels which crystallized from higher NaOH concentrations give finer particles of zeolite A than do those... 

Synthesis of MCM-41 with Additives. The hydrothermal crystallization procedure as described earlier [10] was modified by adding additional salts like tetraalkylammonium (TAA+) bromide or alkali bromides to the synthesis gel [11]. Sodium silicate solution ( 14% NaOH, 27% Si02) was used as the silicon source. Cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) bromide was used as the surfactant (Cl6). Other surfactants like octadecylltrimethylammonium (ODA) bromide (C,8), myristyltrimethylammonium (MTA) bromide (C,4) were also used to get MCM-41 structures with different pore diameter. Different tetralkylammonium or alkali halide salts were dissolved in little water and added to the gel before addition of the silica source. The final gel mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and then transferred into polypropylene bottles and statically heated at 100°C for 4 days under autogeneous pressure. The final solid material obtained was washed with plenty of water, dried and calcined (heating rate l°C/min) at 560°C for 6 h. 

Aqueous surfactant solutions were prepared at room temperature. The experiments were performed at a fixed concentration of 0 1M CTAB or CTAC by decreasing the pH (by addition of HC1 or replacing OH" by Cl" with NaCl) of clear basic 0.5M silicate solutions (sodium silicate (T SisCb) solution (waterglass) or D4R species stabilized in an aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide/methanol solution [10]). 

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