Sodium rock types

Figure 2. Sodium released to the aqueous solution during the dissolution of powders from three rock types. ( ), Eleana shale (UE-17e) (0), quartz mon-zonite (U15e-7) ( ), umtanum basalt (DC 3-3600).

Samples (156) were taken from 54 reference lithic pieces that represented five rock types. These samples were analyzed at the SLOWPOKE Reactor Facility of the University of Toronto. They were irradiated for 1 min at 2 kW, or for 1 or 2 min at 5 kW (depending on their radioactivity level in preliminary tests). Upon removal from the reactor, the samples, which weighed between 0.1 and 0.3 g, were left to decay for 18 min and were counted for 5 min with a Ge(Li) y-ray detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer. Trace element concentrations were calculated with the comparator method (7). The 15 elements examined were barium, titanium, sodium, aluminum, potassium, manganese, calcium, uranium, dysprosium, strontium, bromine, vanadium, chlorine, magnesium, and silicon. The first seven of these elements were the most useful in the differentiation of major rock types. 

Several important alteration environments, however, are not observed for in situ oceanic crust. These include spilites (Cann, 1969), a rock type that displays almost complete exchange of calcium for sodium, leading to formation of an albite-rich rock, and epidosites, the metal depleted epidote-quartz-chlorite assemblage that is likely to be characteristic of the reaction zones, or at least last equilibration zones of black-smoker fluids (e.g., Schiffman and Smith, 1988 Richardson et al., 1987 Bettison-Varga et al., 1992). In particular, the importance of spilites in chemical mass balances could be large, but they are effectively unknown for in situ oceanic crust. Spilites are therefore not considered in any mass balances. Epidosites are likely to be important for the mass balance of some trace metals in the... 

Water-soluble crystal modifiers such as yellow pmssiate of soda (YPS) (sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate) or ferric ammonium citrate may also be added to some types of salt as anticaking agents. Both are approved by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration for use in food-grade salt. YPS and Pmssian Blue (ferric ferrocyanide), are most commonly added to rock salt used for wintertime highway deicing. Concentrations of YPS and Pmssian Blue in deicing salt vary, typically in the range of 20—100 ppm. 

As was discussed in Chapter 7, there are numerous solids that can exist in more than one form. It is frequently the case that high pressure is sufficient inducement for the structure to change. An example of this type of behavior is seen in KC1, which has the sodium chloride (rock salt) structure at ambient pressure, but is converted to the cesium chloride structure at high pressure. Other examples illustrating the effect of pressure will be seen throughout this book (see especially Chapter 20). It should be kept... 

There are two types of caverns used for storing liquids. Hard rock (mined) caverns are constructed by mining rock formations such as shale, granite, limestone, and many other types of rock. Solution-mined caverns are constructed by dissolution processes, i.e., solution mining or leaching a mineral deposit, most often salt (sodium chloride). The salt deposit may take the form of a massive salt dome or thinner layers of bedded salt that are stratified between layers of rock. Hard rock and solution-mined caverns have been constructed in the United States and many other parts of the world. 

In Belgium, at first explosives modelled on the French ones were used, but later they were replaced by others containing cooling ingredients, such as ammonium chloride, sulphate, or oxalate or sodium chloride. The safety explosives used initially in Belgium included mixtures with ammonium perchlorate, of the Yonckite type. Examples of these explosives for rock and coal work are given in Table 95. 

The utility of Ge(Li) detectors in activation analysis is best illustrated by their applications to trace element analyses in complex matrices such as rocks, meteorites, and biological materials. Immediately after irradiation of materials of these types the principal activities are due to 24Na and 42K, since sodium and potassium are major matrix components and have favorable activation properties. In order to determine trace element... 

Structure type of sodium chloride (rock salt, halite), and its common occurrence... 

Thus, water containing HC03 indicates C02-indueed interactions with rocks, and the balancing cations indicate the types of rocks passed calcium comes from interaction with limestone, and calcium and magnesium together come from interaction with dolomite potassium and, even more often, sodium in bicarbonate water come from silicate rocks rich in potassium or sodium feld-spars. 

Geopolymers are another type of intermediate products that lie between cements and ceramics [7]. A geopolymer is made by pyroprocessing naturally occurring kaolin (alumina-rich clay) into metakaolin. This metakaolin is then reacted with an alkali hydroxide or sodium silicate to yield a rock-Uke hard mass. Thus, a chemical reaction, which is not fully understood, is employed to produce a hard ceramic-Uke product. Though this product is produced like cement, its properties are more like a sintered ceramic. It is dense and hard like a rock. 

---