Smoking damage caused

Smoking tobacco causes damage to endothelial cells due to free radicals present in tobacco smoke. It is estimated that each puff of a cigarette produces lO " free radicals. In addition, the resultant lack of oxygen causes damage or death to neurones, and nicotine and carbon monoxide, both present in tobacco smoke, cause an increase in blood pressure. 

In 1997, Stohs et al. (27A110) reviewed the potential of metal ions reacting in conjunction with other constituents of tobacco smoke to cause cellular damage by free radical reactions. Various studies had demonstrated the role of reactive oxygen species in the toxicity of transition metals. They conclnded that the presence of several reactive metal ions in tobacco smoke indicates that there may be a role for metal ions in the subsequent toxicity and carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke. They described the metal-catalyzed mechanisms that might be involved. 

The effects of almond consumption on DNA damage and oxidative stress among cigarette smokers were studied. Results from this pilot study indicate that almond consumption has preventive effects on oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by smoking [144]. 

The auditory damage caused by noise, NIHL, depends on exposure type sound level, duration, type of noise, and frequency, as well as personal factors like susceptibility to noise, age, smoking, prior history of hearing/ear damage (Rezaee et al., 2011). The approach to evaluate and prevent this should be multidisciplinary task covering all aspects related to noise and noise effects and their combined interactions. Actually, these interactions, impulsiveness of noise, genetic susceptibility, ototoxic chemicals and leisure noise cannot be modelled (Rabinowitz et al., 2013). 

Effective compartmentation limits the extent of damage caused by the heat and smoke from a fire, which, in turn, will have direct and significant implications for the business continuity and resilience of occupants of the building. 

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