Smoke measurement, automobile

Our society seems to be willing to accept tangible and measurable risks in our daily activities as a result of cigarette smoking, excessive food and alcohol intake, and the use of the automobile. 

The ammonia concentrations measured in the plumes of seven forest fires in the western United States ranged from 7 to 130 ppb the median value of the 13 measurements was 37 ppb (Hegg et al. 1987, 1988). Fangmeier et al. (1994) reported a slightly higher value for smoke from a forest fire in Canada, 250 ppb. Ammonia has been found in the exhaust of automobile and diesel engines (Pierson and Brachaczek 1983). Ammonia has also been determined to be a component of tobacco and cigarette smoke (Sloan and Morie... 

The characteristics of several QCM instruments for aerosol measurement have been reviewed (ll). Particles are collected by impaction, electrostatic precipitation or both. The mass sensitivity is reported to be affected by the location of deposited particles on the crystal, the size of the particles, and the type of coating. In addition, the sensitivity changes as the crystal becomes loaded. Despite some limitations, most of the studies Indicated that QCMs can be successfully used for aerosol measurement with good correlation coefficient with the reference filtration method. Applications included measurement of aerosol in ambient air, particulate emission from automobiles and diesel engines, smoke plume from a coal-fired power plant, solid fueled rocket plvune, and particulate matter in the effluents in combustion sources. 

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