Smoke-generating compositions

Zinc dust, hexachloroethane and aluminium White smoke 

Phosphorous pentoxide and phosphoric acid White smoke 

Sulfur, potassium nitrate and pitch Black smoke 

Potassium chlorate, naphthalene and charcoal Black smoke 

Zinc dust, hexachloroethane and aluminium Phosphorous pentoxide and phosphoric acid Sulfur, potassium nitrate and pitch Potassium chlorate, naphthalene and charcoal Zinc dust, hexachloroethane and naphthalene Silicon tetrachloride and ammonia vapour Auramine, potassium chlorate, baking soda and sulfur Auramine, lactose, potassium chlorate and chrysoidine Rhodamine red, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide Rhodamine red, potassium chlorate, baking soda, sulfur Auramine, indigo, potassium chlorate and lactose Malachite green, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide Indigo, potassium chlorate and lactose Methylene blue, potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide 

White smoke White smoke Black smoke Black smoke Grey smoke Grey smoke Yellow smoke Yellow smoke Red smoke Red smoke Green smoke Green smoke Blue smoke Blue smoke 

The intensity of light emitted by pyrotechnic compositions is determined by the temperature of the burning components which, in turn, is dependent on the composition. Pyrotechnic mixtures which burn between 2180 and 2250 °C contain chlorates and perchlorates as oxidizers, and an organic fuel such as shellac or rosin. In order to increase the flame temperatures to 2500-3000°C metals powders are added such as magnesium. Light-emitting pyrotechnic compositions also contain metal compounds which produce spectral emissions at characteristic frequencies. 

Red light is produced by adding strontium compounds to the pyrotechnic mixture. At high temperatures the strontium compound breaks 

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Smoke Generating Compositions. A soln of 3 parts of cnioronaphthalene in trichloroethylene is slurried with 23 parts of powd Zn and 4 parts of kieselguhr, the solv evapd, the granulated prod mixed with 50 parts of AP and 20 parts of Amm chloride, and the mixt pressed in a mold to give a waterproof smoke generator (Ref 14). 

Smoke Generating Compositions. A series of mixts of K perchlorate with powd Zn, hexa-chloroethane, and/or C black is reported in Ref 12. Temp stability info is also included in this Ref. A compn of 42.7% K perchlorate,... 

A.G. Rozner H.H. Helms, Jr, Heat Initiated Smoke Generating Compositions , USP 3634283... 

In order to increase the combustion efficiency and the burning rate, formulations containing sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, an organic binder as well as an aerosol agent (NH4C1) are used in addition to red phosphorus. Typical, simple smoke generating compositions, which are based on red phosphorus and contain approx. 10-75 % P are ... 

Examples of such advanced smoke-generating compositions are the following two formulations ... 

Flammability. PhenoHcs have inherently low flammabiHty and relatively low smoke generation. For this reason they are widely used in mass transit, tiinnel-building, and mining. Fiber glass-reinforced phenoHc composites are capable of attaining the 1990 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations for total heat release and peak heat release for aircraft interior facings (1,70). 

Smoke-Generating Devices. Smoke generators are used by the military for daytime obscuration and signaling. For field use where portable stable systems ate requited, pyrotechnic devices are often employed. The primary composition since the 1940s has been HC smoke, which generates a cloud of zinc chloride, ZnCl, smoke by a series of reactions between hexachloroethane, C2Clg(HC), zinc oxide, and aluminum (3) (eq. 4—6). The zinc regenerated in... 

Smoke is not a uniform substance and its composition depends on the exact conditions under which it was generated. Therefore, the composition of the smoke generated from the same material in different tests can vary broadly and, consequently, so will its toxicity. 

No information was available to the committee on the quantity and composition of the offgases from the processed TRBP bins when they are in the smoking rooms. It is not clear that the design will provide adequate abatement for the smoke, and no provision appears to have been made for abatement of the carbon monoxide. The misting process employed in these rooms and the associated carbon filters may not remove the smoke generated from the contents removed from the TRBPs. If the smoke is not adequately managed, a visible plume whose composition is unknown but that could contain hazardous air pollutants will be emitted from this part of the plant. 

When aluminized AP composite propellant burns, a high mole fraction of aluminum oxide is produced as a combustion product, which generates visible smoke. If smoke has to be avoided, e. g. for miUtary purposes or a fireworks display, aluminum particles cannot be added as a component of an AP composite propellant In addition, a large amount of white smoke is produced even when non-aluminized AP composite propellants bum. This is because the combustion product HCl acts as a nucleus for moisture in the atmosphere and relatively large-sized water drops are formed as a fog or mist This physical process only occurs when the relative humidity in the atmosphere is above about 60%. If, however, the atmospheric temperature is below 260 K, white smoke is again formed because of the condensation of water vapor with HCl produced as combustion products. If the HCl smoke generated by AP combustion cannot be tolerated, the propellant should be replaced with a double-base propellant or the AP particles should be replaced with another... 

Halfar, V., Klusacek, L., Navratil, P., and Halfar, J. (1998) Smoke pyrotechnic composition for generating masking smokes, Czech. Pat. Cz. 283864 Chem. Abstr., 131 (5) 60755h. 

Table 8.7 Examples of pyrotechnic compositions used as smoke generators...

Smoke Compositions. Allen (Ref 14, pp 17, 66, 79 J-7) reports on the use of a mixt of Cs nitrate/Al/W (66/18/16%) loaded into a Loki type rocket vehicle under lOOOOpsi press (d 0.11 to 0.121b/in3 at 70°F),to act (upon ign) as an ion and smoke generator, with a bum time of approx 30 secs, for high altitude (27000 to 32000 ft) rocket tracking purposes... 

Guanidine nitrate which is mixed with a catalyzer and consolidated into small cylinders is sold in England as a fuel for toy airplanes under the name of JETEX . It is rather difficult to ignite this fuel. But when it is once ignited, it burns at a much lower temperature than other rocket fuels the burnt gas is about 250 300°C.Guanidine nitrate is also used for the compositions of some special, smoke generators like insecticidal smoke or gas generators. 

I and II use a white smoke generated from the flame. White willow uses the smoke formed by the condensation of sulphur vapour without flame. The realgar allows the composition to burn smoothly. The stars of I and II are coated by an ignition composition. The white willow is manufactured as follows Form the composition into cut stars. Dry them well. Place them in a coating tub. Add to it slurry paste of soluble glutinous rice starch and shake the tub so that all the surfaces of the... 

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