Slopes, measurement

There are many potential paths for revitalizing old methods of test using new array detectors and powerful processors. The only reason most testing is done by unequal path interferometry is due to the invention of the HeNe laser. If its development had been delayed a year or two and computing capabilities had been a little more advanced, most optical testing would be done with slope measuring, common path techniques that are less sensitive to the environment. 

Wallner, R.P., 1983, Optimal wave-front correction using slope measurements JOSA, 73, 1771... 

The principle of this method is that the initial slope (time = zero) of the optical density-time curve is proportional to the rate of flocculation. This initial slope increases with increasing electrolyte concentration until it reaches a limiting value. The stability ratio W is defined as reciprocal ratio of the limiting initial slope to the initial slope measured at lower electrolyte concentration. A log W-log electrolyte concentration plot shows a sharp inflection at the critical coagulation concentration (W = 1), which is a measure of the stability to added electrolyte. Reerink and Overbeek (12) have shown that the value of W is determined mainly by the height of the primary repulsion maximum in the potential energy-distance curve. 

Ln/Vn is the slope of the top operating line which passes through the points (xd,xd) and 0, xd/ R + 1). This line is drawn in Figure Ilk and its slope measured or calculated as 0.78. The reflux ratio which is equal to Ln/D is given as 3.5, so that D/Vn may then be found since ... 

Figure 3.24. Raw data for the sensor-array experiments illustrating the different scales for (a) the intensity (i1-i7) and slope (s1-s7) measurements,

Thus an initial measurement of the slope of the function Vg - f(t) allows the determination of Pg. Following this measurement, the current is turned off and the device is allowed to relax to the initial condition Pv-P0. The advantage of this type of device is that the sensor output does not depend on the characteristics of the aperture C and thus it is immune to changes in these characteristics. On the other hand, the slope measurement proves to be tedious as discussed in Ref. 18. 

Roughness of the pavement surfaoe can be expressed in terms of the variance of the slope measurements of deformation taken along the longitudinal profile of the roadway in accordance with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) definition. In the VESYS IIM program, the variance of rut depth is computed in the rut depth model and is passed automatically to the roughness model. The difference in rut depth is assumed to occur because of material variability of each layer. The roughness output is in the... 

FIGURE 2.22 Correlation among hydroxyl content on surface, material removal rates for 71, and Ti relaxation slopes measured using DMNR technique. 

Slope measurements of the P-R curve permit calculation of the mass fraction oversize. 

Furthermore, the bimodal blend samples F-1 to F-4 have slopes close to that of sample E-1, prepared from the commercial resin whereas sample F-5 (bimodal blend) has a slope close to that of sample E-7 (commercial resin) The lower values of slope observed in the blend samples F-1 to F-4 are a result of a broader distribution of relaxation times which is not present in the respective counterparts of Series E. Similarly, sample F-5 showed a higher slope than its counterpart E-5 (even though the slope measured for E-5 is lower than it should be), because the former had a narrower distribution of molecular weights which resulted in a narrower distribution of relaxation times (see Table I). 

Liley measured MEPP 20 min after changing the IK ]. Slopes measured after 5 min would be considerably lower. Since the slope is sensitive to a, these lower values can readily be obtained from the present theory with reasonable values for a. 

As will be shown, many determined G values were too low since the slopes measured were not the initial ones. 

The first term on the right-hand side is small in the critical region and a graph of the reciprocal intensity against should be a straight line. Alternatively, the intensity can be graphed against and the initial slope measured the slope should increase as the critical point is approached and should be inversely proportional to the temperature difference from the critical point. 

Therefore, the reciprocal of the slope of the titration curve is proportional to the buffer intensity. For example, the titration curve for 10 M HAc (Fig. 4-12) is reproduced in Fig. 4-14 together with a plot of derived from slope measurements on this curve. 

This paper addresses a series of tests on reinforced cohesive soil slope, measuring the displacement of soil by the image analysis system developed by Zhang et al. (2009). The failure pattern of each slope is depicted. Such factors as spacing of reinforcement layers, the tensile modulus of the reinforcement, and the interface between the reinforcement and the soil are studied and their influence on the reinforced slopes is discussed. 

Tangents are then drawn to the curve at each data point in turn and then-slopes measured. Following equation 3.19, the measured gradients are multiplied by (1 — Ft) and then subtracted from 1 to give G(x). For example, if the slope at 4 pm is 1.1... 

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